Thursday, September 3, 2020

The Role of Sacred Space in Judeo-Christian Religions Essay -- Religio

The Role of Sacred Space in Judeo-Christian Religions Certain physical areas take on significant implications in the world’s religions. Religions consider different geographic components, for example, various urban communities, areas, mountains, and streams to be hallowed. For instance, Hindus travel to the Ganges River to purge themselves from their wrongdoings (Momen 157). One of the necessities of all Muslims is that they make a journey to the heavenly city of Mecca (Eastman 398). Judeo-Christian religions likewise have certain spots that are held hallowed to their adherents. The idea of hallowed space is imperative to Judeo-Christian religions, since it assists with clarifying the inquiries of presence. Hallowed space gives something substantial to speak to religions while lessening the obstructions that keep strict individuals from having strict encounters. Judeo-Christian religions have broad narratives in which the idea of sacrosanct space has been instrumental to their turns of events. Today, hallowed space stays signific ant in isolating these religions from the remainder of the world. As observed in recorded stories and reflected through the imagery of strict design just as in nature, hallowed space is a significant part of Judeo-Christian religions. One explanation that adherents of Judeo-Christian religions see certain areas as significant is that God has pronounced that specific spots ought to be viewed as sacrosanct. In the Book of Exodus, the Lord addresses Moses on the heap of Horeb, saying â€Å"Remove the shoes from your feet, for where you stand is heavenly ground† (Exo. 3.5 NAB). In the Book of Genesis, God sends Abraham to the place where there is Moriah. â€Å"When they went to the spot of which God had let him know, Abraham assembled a raised area t... ...position religions from one another by encouraging a sentiment of predominance among certain religions and mediocrity among others. Judeo-Christian religions depend on consecrated space to do these things for adherents. Works Cited Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1997. Eastman, Roger. The Ways of Religion: An Introduction to the Major Traditions. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Eliade, Mircea. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. San Diego: Harcourt, Inc., 1987. Heavenly Bible, New American Bible (Iowa Falls, Iowa, 1986) Johnson, Kevin Orlin. For what reason Do Catholics Do That?: A Guide to the Teachings what's more, Practices of the Catholic Church. New York: Random House, Inc., 1994. Momen, Moojan. The Phenomenon of Religion. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1999.

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Meru Cabs: A spectacular growth story Essay

About Meru Cabs: Meru Cabs, working in four metros of the nation has promoted and supported the idea of radio taxis. â€Å"Today very nearly 70 percent of our travelers state that they travel by ‘Meru’ as opposed to considering it a ‘taxi’ and this is the thing that has been our focus.† †Gavin Dabreo, VP-Sales and Marketing, Meru Cabs Meru now runs an armada of 5,000 cabs in Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Delhi and has 700 representatives. The organization has a top line of Rs 350crores (76mn USD) - > resources on streets. The organization intends to contribute $100 million and means to create $500 million income in five years. Meru’s Operational Sub Processes: Client obtaining Booking Management Taxi Delivery Administration Delivery Meru Cabs: Competition Analysis: System Map for Meru Cabs Innovation and Development Challenges Prophet ERP Back-end framework and Siebel CRM Serious Rivalry Inside authoritative Challenges Difficulties from Suppliers and Buyers Development and Potential Challenges Conslusion: Meru taxis is doing a great deal to survice in the market to keep up its situations in the business sectors. Paper: Development and Potential Challenges Chapter by chapter guide Air conditioning 1.2: process engaged with vital marketing:4 Section the market4 Profile the market segments4 Build up a market section promoting strategy4 Situational Analysis4 Advertising Objectives:5 Advertising Strategies:5 The most effective method to Use a Strategic Marketing:5 Air conditioning 1.3: connects between vital promoting and corporate strategy:5 Corporate strategy:5 Key marketing.5 Links:6 Air conditioning 2.1: advertising device for puma car:7 Advertising blend 4p:7 PRODUCT:7 PROMOTION:7 PRICE:8 PLACE8 Nuisance analysis:8 SWOT analysis9 Strengths:9 Weaknesses:9 Opportunities:9 Threats10 Air conditioning 2.3: Current client relationship advertising by the puma vehicle company:10 Email:10 Call:10 Book a test drive:11 Contact with a dealer:11 Keep informed:11 Air conditioning 1.2: process engaged with vital promoting for Jaguar: The key promoting process regularly has three phases: Fragment the market * Geographic * Demographic * Psychographic * Behavior Profile the market fragments * Revenue potential * Market share potential * Profitability potential Build up a market section advertising system * Market pioneer or product offering expansion * Mass advertising or focused on showcasing * Direct or circuitous deals In the wake of breaking down market portions, client premiums, and the buy procedure, it’s time to make the key promoting plan. The vital promoting plan archive typically incorporates: Situational Analysis Where is the organization now? * Market Characteristics * Key Success Factors * Competition and Product Comparisons * Technology Considerations * Legal Environment * Social Environment * Problems and Opportunities Marketing†¦

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Ralph Emerson And Transcendentalism Essays - Transcendentalism

Ralph Emerson And Transcendentalism The works of Ralph Waldo Emerson managed three parts of supernatural thought, which comprised of profound, philosophical, and abstract substance. In his time, Emerson bestowed an impact upon his counterparts and American writing. He expressly energized different authors by his allure for new American writing and new voices since America had neglected to censure European writing and produce its own artistic grant. Emerson accepted that writing ought to have a profound impact on account of individual strict feelings. Additionally, he figured way of thinking could embrace fundamental structures through which the brain itself measured. At long last, Emerson accepted that abstract credibility had a fundamental impact in the development of American writing. Since Emerson acknowledged America expected to build up its own scholarly works, he propagated the visionary development to design American writing through otherworldliness, reasoning, and scholarly substance. In religion, it was post-Unitarian and freethinking, and he explained it in his Holiness School Address. In the location, Emerson saw religion as a monotonous interest expected to acquire temperance throughout everyday life. The contention of Emerson's reasoning straightforwardly tended to the Christian Church. Jesus Christ in Emerson's retrospection was an extraordinary position, yet he attested that the Christian Church blundered by misrepresenting the supernatural occurrences of Jesus and the repression of disclosure. His goals was brassy: Let me reprimand you, as a matter of first importance, to go alone; to decline the great models, even those which are sacrosanct in the creative mind of men, what's more, date to cherish God without arbiter or cover. To Emerson, the strict perspective of introspective philosophy was proposed to prevent past ways from securing criticalness and to find new, insightful ways to deal with God. Nature, Emerson's first book, fortifies the philosophical ideas of the development. The book is an endeavor to answer the proactive inquiry on the principal page, Let us ask, to what end is nature? Language, one of Emerson's ideal sections, inculcates his legitimate proposition of Nature saying: 1. Words are indications of common realities. 2. Specific Natural realities are images of specific otherworldly Facts. 3. Nature is the image of soul. The utilization of common history is to give us help in powerful history: the utilization of the external creation, to give us language for the creatures and changes of the internal creation. This demonstrates the regular domain exist as a model of the otherworldly domain. Emerson's paper, The American Scholar, expresses the artistic development of Transcendentalism. He explains how the US of America requested and merited another writing, and that this writing would talk about and to the American individuals. His thinking for this clamor is the reliance America kept on having on European writing. Emerson stated that researchers should have been confident through the forces of human instinct. Additionally, he recommended that researchers must be understudies of nature, since nature is the appropriate impact upon the brain of the researcher: 1. The first in time and the first in significance of the impacts upon the brain is that of nature....The scholar....must settle its incentive in his brain. What is nature to him? He is requesting that the researcher expect a similar study he endeavored in Nature. Emerson utilized The American Scholar as a location structured at invigorating American people of letters as people and as a country: We have listened excessively long to the cultured dreams of Europe... We will stroll on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will talk with our own personalities. The investigation of letters will be not, at this point a name for feel sorry for, for question, also, for exotic guilty pleasure. The fear of man and the adoration for man will be a divider of resistance and an anger of bliss around all. A country of men will for the first time exist, in light of the fact that each trusts himself enlivened by the Divine Soul which moreover rouses all men. This was planned as a message for America to build up its own culture. At the point when the American researcher is free of Europe, he will perceive that the antiquated statute 'Know Thyself,' and the cutting edge statute, 'Study nature,' become finally one saying. Therefore, Emerson utilizes nature as a impetus for his visionary development. The impact of nature must be formed by the psyche of the past. By grasping characteristic history as far as scholarly and profound finishes, Emerson's work proposes that American writing can incredibly be enlivened by America's tendency.

The Name Of War Essays - Assassinations, John Sassamon,

The Name Of War In this verifiable and socially separated book, Jill Lepore looks at and attempts to characterize the King Philips War and how individuals expounded on it. Toward the start of the settlements it was a beginning of a ?New England and after the King Philip's War with the entirety of the strict clashes and war stories, another American personality was conceived. All through this book she enlightens grisly stories regarding murders, slaughters, and fights. Indeed, even idea his book bounces a great deal in incessantly request she effectively tells the stories for the two sides pretty precisely. I appreciated perusing a few pieces of this book. Particularly the start and the center since I thought the End dropped off and eased back down. Beginning even before the war starts, she tells the story of John Sassamon which she utilizes as the premise of thoughts. This is a middle purpose of the initial segment of her book. Why Sassamon was either executed for reasons unknown or killed? New England Indians at the time were to become familiarize to English products and some were in any event, changing over to Christianity. Not long after the war starts she shows how the Indians use Christianity as a piece of their war. Likewise after the war starts she expounds on what number of scholars attempt to catch the war in words so the provinces don't free their Englishness. This is amusing in light of the fact that by doing whatever it takes not to free their Englishness they structure an American character. Inside the John Sassamon story lays the genuine motivation behind why he was murdered. Sassamon was an informed man, which was uncommon considering he was a Native American. Despite the fact that he was becoming separated from a portion of his companions in the provinces he despite everything had solid ties with them. There are numerous reasons why he would be executed yet none as solid as turning on your own kin. Treachery is viewed as an incredible offense to our nation, envision the offense taken by the Native Americans. Perusing this book I discovered extraordinary similitudes with the Native American culture and one with a posse or a horde family. Every one of them appear to have incredible punishments for one of their own betraying them. The significant contrast would be that the Native Americans religion was additionally a lot of their way of life. A horde family's religion (catholic or example) would struggle with the murdering of another human. In any case, the Native Americ ans were not that way, on the off chance that one was executed and they took prisoners, at that point the one slaughtered could be vindicated by murdering a prisoner. John Sassamon was not just executed on the grounds that he betrayed his kin when he attempted to caution the pilgrims. He likewise spoke to something that King Philip didn't care for, a Native American turned English. In the book it says The principal loss may have been the Pequot man whom an Indian mediator, conceivably Sassamon himself: 'What are you, an Indian or an Englishman?' The answerableness of this inquiry would in the long run execute Sassamon as well. pg 47. The slaughtering of John Sassamon was with out an uncertainty the start of the war. Despite the fact that that no shots were discharged at any settlers war was pronounced by murdering the main individual that could stop it. Numerous individuals accepted that the best approach to halting King Philip was to change over him to Christianity, yet this end up being harder than it appeared. Ruler Philip saw this primitive endeavor to transform him and saw a shortcoming in the pilgrims. He saw that religion had a major impact in the states as observed on page 105 as one pioneer appropriately put it, 'Our Enemies gladly magnify over us and Blaspheme the name of our Blessed God; Saying, Where is your O God?' Religion had the biggest impact in the war in light of the fact that the two sides accepted unequivocally in their religion and were happy to kick the bucket for them. On the settler side they utilized strict plans to legitimize the war. They trusted it to be a heavenly war, page 109 And, as Pope Innocent IV had articulated in the thirteenth century, Christians could take up arms agains heathens soley based on their nonbelief in God. To accept that God is your ally when you are battling until the very end

Friday, August 21, 2020

Security Issues in Peer-to-peer Networking

Security Issues in Peer-to-peer Networking Affirmations: The enthusiasm for the field of systems administration, driven me to take the PC organizing as my course in M.Sc. there are a wide range of sorts of systems. Out of them the more advanced and up and coming pattern of systems are shared systems. This report of my last exposition for the halfway satisfaction of my M.Sc, PC organizing, would not have been conceivable without the help of my director, Mr. Harry Benetatos. He helped me a ton by managing me and pin-pointing the key missteps which I have done during my exploration. My course head Mr. Nicholas Ioannides likewise helped me a great deal to finish this thesis. His prompts and proposals gave me a great deal of consolation and bolster which caused me to do this examination and finish it in time. I am exceptionally appreciative to my college, LONDON METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY which gave me the free access to the IEEE library which helped me to locate the key papers which are extremely valuable for my exploration. I likewise thank my f olks for their help given to me in all strolls of my life. Devotion: I devote this report to my folks and my well wisher Sakshi for their steady help and support all through my instruction and life. Part 1 Task INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT: This thesis is about the security issues in the shared systems. There are numerous security issues in distributed systems. I have decided to do look into on worm interruptions in distributed systems. In this record I have referenced how the worm spreads in the system starting with one companion then onto the next friend, how the worm can be recognized and how the distinguished worm can be assaulted and spare the system from getting tainted. 1.2 AIM: Security issue in Peer-to-peer systems: Making sure about the shared system from worms.â 1.3 OBJECTIVES: Ø To see how the companions speak with one another in the shared system Ø To break down the engendering of worms in the system. Ø To identify the worms close to the hubs of the system Ø To safeguard the worms in the system. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION: This archive quickly talks about how the worms engenders in the system and how might it be identified and assaulted so as to spare the distributed system 1.5 APPROACH: My methodology for this exposition is as per the following: Ø Understanding distributed systems Ø Defining the issue Ø Data assortment and investigation Ø Study and understanding the current answers for the issue Ø Comparing various arrangements Ø end 1.6 METHODOLOGY: This area of my report contains what significant strides to be followed so as to accomplish the referenced targets. It likewise assists with planning how to create and finish various pieces of the exposition. In this thesis right off the bat I will consider and comprehend about the distributed systems and how the companions in the systems impart and share data with the rest of the friend in the system. At that point I do investigate on how the worm spreads in the system, by what means can the worm be distinguished and how the identified worm can be assaulted and reestablish the network.â In the pictorial structure the various phases of my exposition are 1.7 PREVIEW ABOUT THE COMING CHAPTERS IN THE REPORT: The remainder of the report is sorted out as follows: in the section 2, there is brief conversation about the shared systems, various kinds of distributed systems, preferences and burdens of the distributed systems. There is additionally some data about the worms, its tendency and various kinds of worms. In part 3, there is a conversation about the techniques given by the diverse individual to recognize the worm in the system by the strategy for coordinating the trademark string of the worm. In area 4, there is an answer for this issue. That is numerical strategy for identifying the worm in the system and protecting it. Section 5 comprises of a basic examination and recommendations for the further work. At last, I closed in part 6. Section 2 Outline OF THE GENERIC AREA AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM: 2.1 NETWORK: System is a gathering of electronic gadgets which are associated with one another so as to convey which each other.â The gadgets can be PCs, workstations, printers and so on systems can be wired or remote. Wired systems are organizes in which the gadgets are associated with the assistance of wires. Remote systems are the systems wherein the gadgets are associated without the wires. There are various kinds of systems and shared is one of the significant and extraordinary sorts of systems. 2.2 PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS: Distributed systems are risen in 1990 due to the advancement of the shared document sharing like Napster [1].â Peer-to-peer systems curtailed as p2p systems are the systems wherein all the hubs or friends in the system goes about as servers just as customers on request. This is not normal for regular customer server model, in which the customers demands the administrations and server supplies the assets. Be that as it may, if there should be an occurrence of distributed systems each hub in the systems demands administrations like a customer and each hub will gracefully the assets like server on request. Distributed system doesn’t need any concentrated server coordination.â Peer-to-peer organize is adaptable. Expansion of new hubs to the system or evacuation of previously existing hubs on the system doesn’t influence the system. That implies expansion or expulsion of hubs should be possible progressively. All the hubs associated in a shared system run on a similar sy stem convention and programming. Assets accessible on a hub in the system are accessible to the rest of the hubs of the system and they can get to this data without any problem. Shared systems give power and adaptability. All the wired and remote systems can be arranged as distributed systems. Home systems and little endeavor systems are desirable over design in a distributed systems. Most the systems are not unadulterated shared systems in view of they utilize some system interface gadgets. Before all else, the data is put away at all the hubs by making a duplicate of it. Be that as it may, this builds the progression of traffic in the system. Be that as it may, presently, a brought together framework is kept up by the system and the solicitations are coordinated to the hubs which contains the significant data. This will spare the time and the traffic stream in the system. 2.3 WIRELESS NETWORKS: Gadgets associated with one another with no wires can likewise be arranged like shared systems. For a situation of little of number of gadgets it is desirable over design the system in remote distributed systems since it will be anything but difficult to share the information in both the headings. It is much less expensive to associate the systems in remote shared in light of the fact that we don't have to spend on the wires. Distributed systems are partitioned into three sorts. They are: Texting systems Community oriented systems Fondness people group networks[2] Texting systems: In this sort of shared systems, the clients can talk with one another continuously by introducing some product, for example, MSN delegate, AOL moment errand person and so forth. Community oriented systems: This sort of shared systems are additionally called as conveyed computing.â This is broadly utilized in the field of science and biotechnology where the extreme PC handling is required. Partiality people group distributed systems: It is a kind of p2p arrange, where the gathering of gadgets are associated uniquely to share the information among them. Distributed systems are essentially grouped into two sorts. They are: Ø Structured distributed systems Ø Unstructured distributed systems 2.4 STRUCTURED PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS: In the organized distributed hubs associated in the system are fixed. They utilize disseminated hashing table (DHT) for ordering [4]. In DHT information is put away as hash table like (key, esteem). Any hub ready to recover the information can without much of a stretch do that utilizing the keys. The mapping of qualities to the keys are kept up by all the hubs present in the system to such an extent that there will be exceptionally less disturbance in the event of progress in the arrangement of members DHT-based systems are exceptionally effective in recovering the assets. 2.5 UNSTRUCTURED PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS: In unstructured p2p arrange hubs are set up discretionarily. There are three sorts of unstructured p2p systems. They are Unadulterated distributed Half breed shared Incorporated shared In Pure p2p arranges all the hubs in the system are equivalent. There won’t be any favored hub with exceptional foundation work. In half and half p2p systems there will be an extraordinary hub called â€Å"supernodes† [3] . This supernode can be any hub in the system relying upon the fleeting need of the system. Brought together p2p arrange is a kind of half and half system wherein there will be one focal framework which deals with the system. The system can't have the option to work without this incorporated framework Essentially, all the hubs in the shared systems contain the data of the neighbor in its steering table. The pace of proliferation of worms in the distributed systems is bigger than contrasted with different systems. This is on the grounds that the data of the neighbor companions can without much of a stretch accomplished from the steering table of the tainted hub. Various kinds of records are shared between the hubs in the distributed systems. These records can be the sound documents, video documents, music records, content reports, books; articles and so forth there are a ton of distributed programming accessible nowadays in the market for sharing the records. Some of them are bittorrent, limeware, shareaza, kazaa, Imesh, bearshare Lite, eMule, KCeasy, Ares Galaxy, Soulseek, WinMX, Piolet, Gnutella, Overnet, Azureus (vuze), FrostWire, uTorrent, Morpheus, Ants, Acquisition[5]. There are parcel more document sharing programming projects in the market however these are the t

Tuesday, August 4, 2020

Does Being Married Improve Life Expectancy

Does Being Married Improve Life Expectancy Relationships Spouses & Partners Print Does Being Married Improve Life Expectancy? And Why Its OK to Be Single By Mark Stibich, PhD  Mark Stibich, PhD, FIDSA, is a behavior change expert with experience helping individuals make lasting lifestyle improvements. Learn about our editorial policy Mark Stibich, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on November 12, 2019 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse When you grow old, who will take care of you? For many, that is a husband or wife. So does marriage improve life expectancy? Heres what research shows. Marriage was one of the first non-biological factors identified as improving life expectancy. The explanation given was that married people tend to take fewer risks with their health and have better mental and emotional health. Marriage also provides more social and material support, which means having someone to take you to the doctor or care for you when you are sick. However, research shows that the difference between married people and single people, in terms of health, is narrowing. This could be because the definitions of marriage are changing, or that people have other outlets for care. The Changing Face of Marriage and Life Expectancy No one is saying that having a piece of paper that says “married” on it is going to improve your life expectancy. However, there is something about people who live in a marriage that improves life expectancyâ€"or to be more precise, there was something about people who lived in marriage in the 70s that was found to improve life expectancy. Now, people can be listed as “single never married” in census data, but be living with someone and be experiencing all the health benefits of marriage without having the marriage certificate. This complicates research on marriage and health. Being Single Can Be Healthy Research shows that people who are single, especially men, are living longer than ever before. In the past, men who were never married typically had the lowest life expectancy, but now the never married men are closing in on their currently married counterparts. Experts believe the difference in life expectancy is becoming smaller because single men now have access to support and health resources that, in the past, only came because their wife took care of them. In other words, 40 years ago, married men had the advantage (over never married men) because they had their wives to make sure they went to the doctor and took care of themselves. Now, men are taking more responsibility for their own health and it is normal for a man to express concern about his health and take action. Why Being Widowed Hurts Losing a spouse who you have lived with your entire life is devastating for husbands and wives alike. As a result, research shows that people who are widowed have slightly worse health than people who are married. This is an issue that has gotten worse in recent years: No one really knows why the experience of being widowed now is more detrimental to health than being widowed in the past, however it is possible that people had more of a community and extended family to help them out. Now, the widowed are more likely to be isolated. Regardless of whether youre single, married or widowed, there are things you can do on your own to improve your longevity outside of a relationship.

Monday, June 22, 2020

Asthma Action Plan A Problem in Clinical Practice - Free Essay Example

Asthma is one of the respiratory diseases that affect all ages. CDC- National Center for health statistics (2016) reported that 20.4 million adults (?†°? 18 years) in America have asthma. They also reported that 62% of the patient who visited the outpatient had a diagnosis of asthma. Asthma is defined according to the National Institute of Health as a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma is associated with recurrent symptoms like wheezing, cough, chest tightness and shortness of breath. The patients fail to recognize the symptoms of asthma like waking up the night, exercise intolerance and recurrent cough, and do not take appropriate action (including short-acting bronchodilator inhalers or corticosteroids) which lead to asthma exacerbation. This led to an emergency department visit, hospital admission, complications, and death. The report also states that the mortality rate of asthma among adults was approximately five times greater than children. The death rate related to asthma was highest among 65 years and older age groups, females and non-Hispanic black patients (CDC, 2018). The uncontrolled and persistent asthma causes a substantial financial burden to the individual, family, and society. They also affect the mental status of an individual, working days and productivity (CDC, 2018). It affects the quality of life. Although asthma is considered a reversible disease condition, there is no prevention or cure. The practice problem within clinical setting was need of Asthma Action Plan. The PICO question formulated was In an out-patient correctional outpatient clinical setting did the use of Asthma Action Plan by a provider when compared to standard care helped the inmate (?†°?17 years) with asthma to manage asthma symptoms. The clinical setting chosen for implementing the DNP project was an outpatient clinic in the correctional facility exclusively for inmate patients with acute and chronic conditions. Most of the inmates faced a lot of challenges like lack of insurance, no health care access, language barriers, illiteracy, unemployment etc. when they were outside the jail. They never got education related to asthma, triggering factors and its management. The provider even though they knew about asthma guidelines and AAP, they did not follow it due to time constraints and other barriers in the clinical setting. These were the reasons most of the inmate patients with asthma frequently visited the clinic with asthma exacerbation. When the provider is unable to control asthma with the treatment provided in the clinic, they had to send them out to the hospital for further evaluation. Therefore, the goal of the provider and asthma patients should be controlling the disruptive outcome of asthma by proper educ ation and following the guidelines and using AAP (Clark and Patridge, 2002). AAP is a written plan tailored for each asthmatic patient and is an important part of the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institutes National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP, 2007). It helps the patient to understand the triggering factors, symptoms, treatment, self- manage the asthma symptoms and control exacerbation. It also helps them when to seek medical attention. Internal Evidence for the Need of an Asthma Action Plan The interview conducted by Nomy Thomas Jacob on December 5, 2018, with the provider stated that in the correctional center, 80% of the population suffers from asthma. Fifty percent were well controlled, but the rest are either not well controlled or poorly controlled. Both well controlled and poorly controlled inmates were not educated regarding asthma, triggering factors, treatment plans, and other management. Eighty percent of the inmates when outside the jail did not have insurance coverage, health access or a primary provider. Many inmates were illiterate, unemployed, had language barriers and belonged to a minority group. Most of the inmates were non-compliant with chronic care follow up and signed the refusal form provided by the correctional outpatient clinic as they were unaware of the condition and complications of asthma. The provider also stated that the all the clinicians were aware of the NEAPP guidelines, but they did not discuss regarding written asthma action plan due to several reasons (e.g. busy schedule and time limitations etc.). They provided the inmate asthmatic patients a brief verbal education regarding asthma and the treatments when they came to the clinic for acute or chronic care. External evidence to support the significance for the need of an Asthma Action Plan Evidence proves that the Asthma Action Plan of any form written, or pictorial are beneficial in improving the patients ability to self- manage the symptoms associated with asthma. AAP significantly influence the behaviors to control asthma. According to Akhter, Monkman, Vang, Pfeiffer (2017) in their study, there was an increase in asthma control in both children and adults through written AAP. The asthma control rate increased in adults from 28% to 58% when written AAP was used. The study conducted by Pur Ozyigit, Ozcelik, Ozcan Ciloglu, Erkan (2014) showed that ACT and SGRQ scores were improved by using AAP. The ACT scores at 1 month versus 2 months (22.44 vs 20.75,p†°=†°0.034; 23.28 vs 21.81, p= 0.010) were higher in the interventional group than in the control group. SGRQ scores which assessed the HRQoL were improved in the interventional group (18.12) when compared to control group (23.96,p†°=†°0.033). The study by Patel, Valerio, Sanders, Thomas, Clark (2 012) evaluated the relationship between AAP and behaviors in female to self-manage the asthma symptoms and satisfaction of care. Evidence-Based Recommendations for a practice change All the five studies included states that Asthma Action Plan is effective in self- managing and controlling asthma. Please see Appendix A Review and Synthesis of the Literature The overarching conclusion of the five studies emphasizes the effectiveness of the Asthma Action Plan in controlling asthma. Evidence support that Asthma Action Plan of any form plays a significant role in managing symptoms in patients. When one study emphasizes the effectiveness of a written AAP for educated patients another study highlights the benefits of pictorial AAP for illiterate patients. Two studies concluded that AAP is more effective in adults than in children. When one study illustrates the effect of AAP on ACT and SGRQ scores another study states that when AAP is not used it influenzas behaviors like asthma medication noncompliance, not using peak flow meter and failure to initiate a discussion with the provider regarding asthma symptoms and other concerns related to it, which affect their ability to manage the symptoms of asthma. Metric Criteria Asthma Control test which is an evidence-based reliable (test-retest reliability = 0.77) and valid self-assessment tool to measure asthma control are used to measure the outcome. It has a 5 question to be answered in the 4-week recall. It can be used to measure baseline, 4 weeks and post-intervention to evaluate how effective will be the Asthma Action Plan to control asthma. The chart of the asthmatic patients who visited the clinic needs to be reviewed to assess all completed (100%) ACT forms by the patient and AAP forms completed by the provider. This measures the provider compliance with Asthma Action Plan which in turn help the patient to manage the symptoms. Role of the Nurse Practitioners The DNP student is the project manager or team leader. The NP select the asthma champions for the team. The team leader organizes a monthly meeting where the champions meet and discuss regarding the topic. The nurse practitioners role as team leader help to guide other team members of the project. They educate team members regarding asthma, its management and their role in the project. The NP can instruct the registered nurse (asthma champion) to teach the patient regarding Asthma Control Test and encourage to fill the form prior to seeing the provider. They can also be instructed to make sure all the questions of ACT were attempted by the patient and the total scores were calculated. The NP get the score in order to plan for an AAP. Even though evidence state the effectiveness of asthma guidelines and AAP in the control of asthma exacerbation but still it is underused by providers in most of the settings (Mold et al., 2014) Nurse Practitioners (NP) are considered as the frontline ca regivers (Rance, 2011) Therefore, they play a significant role in the health care by identifying asthmatic patients at risk, assess and provide an effective treatment (Rance, 2011). The nurse practitioners play an important role in provider-patient partnership by synthesizing and translating the evidence, providing education, encouraging to use the evidence-based guidelines and AAP to control asthma exacerbations. NP establish a relationship with a patient by open communication, identify and address the patients and family concerns regarding the disease and its management. By using the AAP, they developed an individualized treatment goal. They also help the patients to adhere to the action plan, treatments, and self-monitoring. NP also provide a self-management education which significantly increases the patients health outcome and quality of life. NP can assign an office staff (team member) who can integrate AAP into the EMR. The most important role of NP is assessing the patient h ow well they can control asthma after the implementation of an asthma action plan.

Monday, May 18, 2020

Food security - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4153 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Food Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK Food security is elucidated by the IFAD/FAO as the year-round access to the amount and variety of safe foods required by all household members in order to lead active and healthy lives, without undue risk of losing such access. No country anywhere in the world is food secure on this definition. It represents therefore an ideal. To make the definition operational, four dimensions are considered namely Food Availability, Food Access, Food Utilisation and Stability of Access. These are briefly explained as follows: 1. Food Availability: The availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate qualities, supplied through domestic production or imports (including food aid). This is often confused with food security but should properly be seen as only a part, albeit an important part of food security. The question is not only whether food is available in a country but whether it is available in the right place at the right time and there must be a mechanism for ensuring that food of the right quality is made available. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Food security" essay for you Create order 2. Food Access: Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) to acquire appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. These resources need not be exclusively monetary but may also include traditional rights e.g. to a share of common resources. Entitlements are defined as the set of all those commodity bundles over which a person can establish command given the legal, political, economic and social arrangements of the community in which he or she lives. 3. Food Utilization: Utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation, and health care. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security. It is not enough that someone is getting what appears to be an adequate quantity of food if that person is unable to make use of the food because he or she is always falling sick. 4. Stability of Access: Are individuals at high risk of losing their access to food? An example of this situation would be a landless agricultural laborer who was almost wholly dependent on agricultural wages in a region of erratic rainfall. Such a person is at high risk of not being able to find work in a situation of general crop failure and thus going hungry, i.e. is vulnerable. The objective of the thesis would be to analyze the institutional, production, market and policy aspects of the aforementioned four specific factors underlying food insecurity in Pakistan. This shall be gauged by analyzing secure access, production and utilization of three key staples; wheat, rice and sugar. There is considerable evidence that indicates the need to route policy focus to take the shape of revisionary responses to institutional framework, production, market dynamics and existing policy framework; all geared towards actualizing yield potentials and enhancing food security in the context of factors outlined abov e. What makes it even more pertinent is the impending food crisis keeping in view the increasing population and various institutional constraints underlying the retarded growth in production e.g water shortages, soil degradation, absence of proper agriculture research, improper agricultural practices etc. The four key aspects defined above i.e. Food availability, Food Access, Food Utilisation and Stability of Access shall be analyzed in terms of their current standing as well as the potential areas of improvement to realize the stipulated objectives. The stated framework is illustrated in the table as under: FOOD AVAILABILITY Review of Land holdings Cropping Patterns and relative prices for each crop. Profits and Losses per acre for each crop for each size class of farm Total area of cultivable land including land currently being utilized and cultivable waste. Water Utilisation Seeds, Fertilisers and GM food technology as a yield enhancement technique Productivity Enhancement of major crops Availability of credit for farmers for investments geared towards productivity enhancement FOOD ACCESS Identification and Targeting of the Food Insecure People Enhancing Productivity of small farmers for poverty alleviation and foster agricultural growth Diversification of On-farm and Off-farm income generation activities Stabilization of input and output process Encouragement of small scale enterprises STABILITY Inter-regional Inequality Urban Rural Disparity Distribution of land and Access to inputs and resources Skill Development for broad based development UTILISATION Improving nutritional aspects of food Balanced dietary consumption Promotion of household food production e.g. vegetables and pulses production, poultry and rearing of small ruminants POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES Removing Policy Distortions Provision and enhancement of rural infrastructure Institutional Structure for accelerated agricultural growth with equity. Credit and Rural Finance Human Resource Development Research and Extension Support Services In addition, the modus operandi for addressing the questions specified above would be through: †¢ A review and research the production, availability and consumption of essential food commodities †¢ A review of existing food procurement and storage facilities and identify areas of potential improvement †¢ Identification of the constraints in production, yield as well as the prices of essential food commodities e.g. wheat, sugar and rice. †¢ Identifying areas and scope of improved physical inputs geared towards improving the state of agriculture. †¢ Appraising the effectiveness of the Social Safety nets like BISP, Punjab Food Support Scheme in improving food security and how modific ations in these programs towards targeting can be brought about to reduce fiscal and economic costs and losses for non target beneficiaries. †¢ Institutional and policy imperatives for enhanced and sustainable agricultural growth through a normative analysis of the following: o Agriculture and Crop Research Facilities o Social Mobilization o Vertical Integrations and Marketing systems o Enforcement Mechanisms in place to keep track of the regulatory endeavors. LITERATURE REVIEW Agriculture is considered the mainstay of Pakistans economy. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09, there are major hindrances in the GDP growth rate in case of Pakistan, which the report asserts could not hold at 2007-2008 level. Agriculture, the major source of employment and income in the rural areas is expected to grow at 4.7 percent as against Services sector growing at the rate of 3.6 percent during 2008-2009. About 70% per cent of the countrys rural population is directly or indirectly linked with agriculture for their livelihood. Whatever happens to agriculture is bound to affect the livelihood and consequently food security of the poor rural people. Decline of agriculture and shrinking livelihood opportunities have resulted in rising poverty in rural areas while also compounding the food insecurity in both rural and urban areas. Agriculture, thus assumes a critical role in the national economy, providing food to the fast growing population of the country. Pakistan is a country where food security situation in recent years has not been very encouraging. The demand for food in recent years, especially key staples like wheat and sugar have started to exceed the supply. This gap can be attributed to many possible causes. According to Ahmed and Siddiqui (1994), even when the supply situation is better, there are problems with the distribution amongst different segments of the society thus adversely affecting the nutrition. On the demand side, the food security problem has been complicated by an unprecedented increase in population. Since the existing rate of population growth of over 3 percent per annum is expected to continue for a reasonable period of time, the total fertility rate also remaining well above the so-called â€Å"replacement level†, improvement in health-care facilities, which have already resulted in a remarkable decline in infant and child mortality rates has also contributed towards the high population rate in P akistan. Transitory and chronic food insecurity is caused mainly by poverty. (Tweeten, 1999) People with adequate buying power overcome the frictions of time (e.g., unpredictable, unstable harvests from year to year) and space (e.g., local food short- ages) to be food-secure. The conclusions of the aforementioned study further suggested a food security policy synthesis for poor, developing countries like Pakistan which are outlined as follows; Poverty is best alleviated through broad-based, sustainable economic development. The most effective and efficient means to economic development is to follow the standard model, illustrated by the figure as under, which assures an economic pie to divide among people and among functions, such as human resource development, infrastructure, family planning, a food safety net, and environmental protection. The standard model is not merely an ideal; it is applicable to any culture and provides a workable prescription for economic progress, ensu ring buying power for self-reliance and food security. Eventually, in conjunction with family planning, it brings decreased population growth. Although no country has adopted every component, many countries have adopted enough components of the standard model to demonstrate its capacity for economic success. The central puzzle of why food-insecure countries like Pakistan, eschew the standard model when it can bring food security is explained by political failure. Terminating even the worst policies creates losers. If the losers are in positions of power and authority, they resist reform. Economic distortions provide economic rents for those in authority who bestow licenses and enforce regulations. Parastatals provide employment for friends and relatives of power brokers; hence, unfortunate public policy carries powerful momentum. Political failure is inseparable from broader institutional failure. Food insecurity and economic stagnation are not the result of limited natural resource s, environmental degradation, or ignorant people. Rather, they are the result of misguided public policies, which in turn are the product of weak institutions and corrupt governments serving special interests. Institutional change is required to adopt the standard model. Poorly structured, inadequate institutions often trace to cultural factors such as tolerance of the public for unrepresentative, corrupt, incompetent government. Government leaders often view their position as an opportunity for personal aggrandizement rather than to be a servant of the public interest. Socio-institutional changes, and hence standard model adoption, are blocked by cultural characteristics such as caste and ethnic animosities, which provide a fertile climate for governments not representing the public interest to play one group against another. Thus, the challenge of food security for our time, as argued by Tweeten (1999), is socio-institutional change. A study was conducted by the IFPRI in 1977 t hat emphasized on the intensity of the problem facing the Developing Market Economies (DMEs) in countering food deficits in the wake of increasing populations. The options to grapple this challenge were outlined as increasing domestic production, commercial imports, reducing the food consumption levels through pricing adjustments or rationing, and food aid. For a country like Pakistan, easily branded as a low income country, policy choices are limited. Much of the population is already below the minimum dietary and nutritional requirements. Commercial imports to cover up the food deficit may not be a plausible option because it deems imperative a huge foreign exchange outlay coupled with various alternative development expenditures seeking priority. The study concluded that in order to narrow the food gap, development efforts in such low income countries must emphasize on policies to increase and enhance production performance. Large increases in agricultural investments coupled wit h appropriate policies and effective programs will be central. The third critical dimension of food security, utilization, refers to actual metabolization of food by the body. Food that is available and accessible does not alleviate food insecurity if people do not utilize food properly because of inadequate nutrition education and food preparation, bad habits, eating disorders, or poor health, such as intestinal parasites from unsanitary water. Thus, food security is appropriately defined not just as access but as utilization by all people at all times of sufficient nutrients for a productive and healthy life. It follows that sanitation, education, and health care are important instruments for food security. Despite per capita world food supplies being more than adequate to provide food security to all, food or income transfers among nations cannot be the principal instrument to end food insecurity. One reason is because altruism is too limited and fickle to provide sufficient, reliable transfers. Heavy dependence on transfers could discourage local production and create an unhealthy dependency of poor nations and individuals on rich nations, agencies, and individuals. Massive food transfers would destroy incentives for local food producers. A nation must have a pie of purchasing power to divide and share among its food-insecure people. Because it is the poor who lack access to food, alleviating food insecurity means alleviating poverty. Most of the worlds poor, the 1.3 billion people with incomes of less than $1 per day (updated from World Bank 1990, p. 29), will have to escape poverty and food insecurity through economic growth. Economic growth largely was responsible for the 158 million reduction in numbers of undernourished people in East, South, and Southeast Asia from 1979-1981 to 1990-1992. In the mixed and underdeveloped economies of the Third World, the maintenance of minimum consumption levels for large segments of the population is a critical problem. Even in developing countries with a reasonably well-developed industrial base, such as India, glaring nutrition gaps exist (Knudsen and Scandizzo 1979) and critical shortages can and do arise in basic consumption areas such as food, fuel, and clothing (Sharma and Roy 1979). Such shortfalls have serious economic, social, and political consequences (Burki and Haq 1981). Therefore, governments in developing countries usually attempt a macro management of selected consumption items. A fairly complex set of direct and indirect policies are used to influence the production, distribution, and prices of such items (Ahmed 1979, Dholakia and Khorana 1979, Kaynak 1980, Sorensen 1978). The formulation and implementation of such policies can be viewed as a macro-marketing management process [Zif 1980]. For essential consumption items, this process entails: i. Identification of key consumption items (products) and target groups (markets), ii. Development and evaluation of interventi on methods (macro marketing strategies), iii. Creation of delivery or communication systems (channels) to reach the target groups or other intervention points, and iv. Monitoring and control of the consumption- oriented programs (macromarketing control system). In discussing the rationale for Macromanagement System for Essential Consumption Items (referred herein as MSECI), two interrelated questions arise i.e. why do these systems come into existence and what are the goals of these systems. In analyzing why the government intervenes in the distributive trade for essential consumption items, Sorenson (1978) cites four reasons, which are presented below in an elaborated version: i. Under conditions of scarcity (a typical feature in underdeveloped countries), the unfettered operation of the market mechanism is politically unacceptable. Price increases and shortages resulting from unfettered private trade would be politically too risky for the government in power. ii. Distribu tive trade typically has a poor reach in the rural areas. In periods of shortages, rural distribution deteriorates even further, making government intervention a necessity. iii. The market mechanism is imperfect in terms of prices, information, and market clearing. During periods of shortages, these imperfections become magnified, inviting government regulation. iv. Profits and surpluses from private trade in developing countries usually do not flow into productive investments. Instead, they flow into private consumption and investment such as clothing, jewelry, gold, houses, dowries, and so on. Hence, profits from shortages do not help alleviate the major cause of shortages, i.e. low levels of production. In fact, some of the surpluses may even accentuate shortages by becoming working capital for increased hoarding of goods. Government often intervenes to reduce the profits going into such unproductive uses. The experience of India as put forth by Dholakia and Khurana (1979) a nd other Third World countries points out a few other reasons for the emergence and growth of macro management systems in the distributive trade sector. Some of these are: i. Distributive trades absorb a lot of people and provide a low-cost employment outlet in developing countries. Governments often intervene to further some employment goals in addition to the distributional goals. In India, for example, the government often preferentially awards licenses to operate Fair Price Shops to those groups considered to be politically important unemployed college graduates, retired army personnel, widows of servicemen, etc. ii. Government intervention in distributive trades is often a consequence of agricultural price support programs. Once the government becomes a procurer and storer of large quantities of farm products, it needs a distribution method for these products. An MSECI is created as a result. Once an MSECI is created, the reverse logic often takes over. For example, to su pport an extensive public distribution system in a southern state of India, the state government resorts to mandatory procurement of some percentage of farms output [George 1979]. iii. In a manner similar to agricultural policy, the industrial policy of developing countries also leads to governmental intervention in distributive trade. To support small-scale, infant, or weak industries, the government sometimes assists in the marketing of the products of such industries by procuring their products and distributing them through state-controlled or subsidized channels [Bhandari 1979]. In Morocco, for example, the government subsidized the introductory advertising efforts of a baby food considered to be important in meeting that countrys nutritional goals [Vitale and Cavusgil 1981]. These last three points illustrate how consumption- and distribution- oriented policies get intertwined with policies related to employment, agriculture, industry, and other sectors. The rationale and rationality of MSECIs must therefore be studied in the context of other related sectoral policies [Gustafsson and Richardson 1979]. While the above discussion throws some light on why MSECIs come into existence, it does not fully illustrate the range of goals that MSECIs may serve. According to Gustafsson and Richardson (1979), where there is a complex polity, not only are there multiple actors in the policymaking process but each actor sometimes has multiple goals. Politicians, for example, are interested in: a) Solving problems, where it is feasible to do so and ideologically acceptable to the politician b) Agenda management, that is, getting problematic and intractable items off the political agenda, often by formulating do-nothing placebo policies, and c) Creating consensus, especially when the issue is frankly fractious. In the context of an MSECI, purely placebo or consensus-making policies are unlikely to exist. This is because breadbasket issues are involved and sim ply managing the agenda or creating a consensus (without solving the problem) is politically too risky. As a part of the problem-solving strategy, however, policymakers may make some efforts to manage agendas or create consensus. Policies geared towards essential consumption items are therefore likely to have some symbolic, rhetorical, or bargaining content (Lapps, Collins, and Kinley 1980). With reference to the rationale and goals of MSECIs, the following conclusions can be made: a) MSECIs usually emerge in developing countries to serve short-term, volatile political problems caused by scarcity. Later, these systems may be further developed to embrace other economic goals. In fact, appropriately used, MSECIs could play an important role in balanced development (United Nations 1977). b) As the complexity of an MSECI increases, consumption and distribution-related policies become entwined with several other sectoral policies in developing countries. c) Analysis of MSECIs should be conducted with sensitivity to the goals stated and implicit of the different actors in the consumptive and distributive policy process. According to Hussain et al, the production instability and food insecurity in are interrelated. Most of the rain-fed agriculture of the country is experiencing erratic production. The production instability index (coefficient of variation) is 29% in the Pakistan (Anonymous). Most variation is attributed to crop yields. The productivity per unit of resource especially water, is low. The declining resource productivity is due to increased water logging and salinity, nutrient depletion, deforestation and devegetation and increased pest complex. Looming water scarcity and competition for the same water from non agricultural sectors necessitates improving crop productivity to ensure adequate food for the nation with the equivalent or less water than is presently available for agriculture. This can be obtained because available information shows that there is a wide gap between actual and attainable crop water productivity, especially in the arid and semi-arid environments. Quantifying crop water output reveals gaps in information regarding pre-eminent ways to increase crop water productivity. Cropping systems need to be inherently flexible to take advantage of economic opportunities and/or adapt to environmental realities. A dynamic cropping systems concept characterized by a management approach whereby crop sequencing decisions are made on an annual basis has been proposed to improve the adaptability of cropping practices to externalities. STATE OF AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN Despite a structural shift towards industrialization, agriculture continues to be the biggest sector of the economy. It contributes 21.8% of the GDP, employs 44.7 % of the workforce and is a major source of foreign exchange earnings . About 68% of the population lives in rural Pakistan and depends upon agriculture for their sustenance. Given its wide-spanning forward and backward linkages, in particular with the Industrial sector, agriculture has assumed an added significance especially in the context of the prevalent global food crunch and food security. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09, no economic reforms will be successful in the absence of a sustained and broad based agricultural development which is critical for raising living standards, alleviating poverty assuring food security, generating a buoyant market for industrial expansion an making a substantial contribution to the national economic growth. The utilization of agricultural land in Pakistan is illustrated by the table as under. The total area reported in the table includes the total physical area of the villages. Forest area refers to the area of any land administered as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests. Any cultivated area which may exist within such a forest is shown under the heading of cultivated area. Culturable waste is that uncultivated farm area which, although fit for cultivation, has been left uncropped during the year under consideration as well as the one preceding. Cultivated area is the area which was sown at least during the year under reference or during the preceding year. This includes the net sown area as well as the current fallow. The current fallow is the area that is ploughed but not cropped. With these definitions in context, a review of the agricultural land holdings of Pakistan is presented as under: (Million hectares) Table: (Source: MINFAL) An analysis of the land utilization statistics indicate that the total area u nder cultivation has registered a gradual increase during the period specified i.e. 1990-2008. The uncultivable land is being brought under cultivation and the total cropped area has also been increasing, though not very significantly. Given the importance of agriculture in the national economy, the policy focus has essentially been on agriculture even though the need for a structural shift towards industries and manufacturing gained importance post 1990s. If we look at the historical statistics of the Pakistan economy, we can see how the performance of agriculture coincided with the GDP growth. Table below illustrates the performance and average annual growth rates of the Agriculture and the GDP for the period 1960-2009. AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-2009 GDP 6.8 4.8 6.5 4.6 5 Agriculture 5.1 2.4 5.4 4.4 3.0 Table Broadly speaking the growth rate of agriculture across the periods specified in Table 1 was fairly good but the yearly growth rates during the same periods were erratic. The growth of agriculture was particularly low in the periods of 1998-99 at 1.9%, 2000-01 at -2.2%, 2001-02 at 0.1% and 2007-08 at 1.1%. Considering the current decade, agriculture has grown at an average rate of 3.32% per annum. Of this, the growth performance over the last seven years has been of a volatile nature ranging from 1.1% to 6.5% at the highest. See table below, AGRICULTURE GROWTH (%) Year Agriculture Major Crops Minor Crops 2002-3 4.1 6.8 1.9 2003-4 2.4 1.7 3.9 2004-5 6.5 17.7 1.5 2005-6 6.3 -3.9 0.4 2006-7 4.1 7.7 -1.3 2007-8 1.1 -6.4 10.9 2008-9 4.7 7.7 3.6 Table 2 Federal Board of Statistics, Government of Pakistan(2009) This volatility can be primarily attributed to the crop sector which has been a subject of various pest attacks, irregular raining patterns, adulterated pesticides etc. There are two principal crop seasons in Pakistan, Kharif and Rabi. The sowing season of the former begins in April-June and the harvesting occurs in October/ December while the latters begins in October/December and ends in April/ May. Major crops of the Kharif season include Sugarcane, rice, cotton and maize and those of the Rabi season include wheat, gram and lentils. As per the statistics of the MINFAL , the major crops such as wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane amount to about 89.1% of the value added in the major crops, and this amounts to about 33.4% of value added in the overall agriculture. The production statistics of the major crops of both the seasons are given in the table as under: PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CROPS (000 TONS) YEAR COTTON (000 BALES) SUGARCANE RICE MAIZE WHEAT 2003-4 10048 53419 4848 1897 19500 2004-5 14265 47244 5025 2797 21612 2005-6 13019 44666 5547 3110 21277 2006-7 12856 54742 5438 3088 23295 2007-8 11655 63920 5563 3605 20959 2008-9 11819 50045 6852 4036 23421 MINFAL Pakistans agricultural production is closely linked with the supply of irrigation water. The supply of irrigation water has been strained as indicated by Table 3 as under: Actual Surface Water Availability (Million Acre Feet) Period Kharif Rabi Total % Change over Average Average System Usage 67.1 36.4 103.5 2002-3 62.8 25 87.8 -15.2 2003-4 65.9 31.5 97.4 -5.9 2004-5 59.1 23.1 82.2 -20.6 2005-6 70.8 30.1 100.9 -2.5 2006-7 63.1 31.2 94.3 -8.9 2007-8 70.8 27.9 98.7 -46 2008-9 66.9 24.9 91.8 -11.3 Table 3: (IRSA) As shown in the table, against the normal surface water availability at canal heads of 103.5 MAF, the overall water availability for both the crop seasons has been less in the range of -2.5% to 20.6%. If the water availability for the respective seasons is analyzed one can conclude that the Rabi season faced a greater dearth of the water supply as compared to the Kharif season. There

Monday, May 11, 2020

The History of Sports and African Americans Essay - 503 Words

The history of sports goes back since ancient times. It has been a useful way for people to explore nature and their environment. Sports include different activities and games such as football, soccer, basketball, and etc. to express their skills and talents. Also, sports are a way to relax and have fun; but are sports all our African Americans rely on? The dream to become future sports stars. The reason why Gates begins his essay with an anecdote is to show and compare how many african-american athletes were at work today and how little the chances of African-Americans becoming athletes are compared to being a lawyer, dentist, or even a doctor. African-Americans assume that they are born athletes and it’s because the school system doesn’t†¦show more content†¦When the kids are taught that they actually believe in what the teacher says and instead of focusing on school work and more realistic goals they just focus on becoming athletes. That’s when then t hey no longer go to school to get proper education, they come to join a sport and try to get scouted. These days, teachers pass school athletes in order for them to continue playing. They don’t care whether or not if they do the homework or actually understand what is being taught, as long as they keep the school wining in that certain sport then they will pass. Henry Gates stated, â€Å"The failure of our public schools to educate athletes is part and parcel of the schools’ failure to educate almost everyone†. Most young black athletes can’t read or write but they still get passed year to year. It’s know that 26.6% of black athletes at the college level earn their degree, which means that they didn’t have enough pass knowledge to continue to excel in higher education and they still didn’t make that goal of being a professional athlete. On the other hand though, playing professional sports is all African-American kids can dream of. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Effect Of Aging On Neural Cells - 1425 Words

The Effect of Aging on Neural Cells Introduction: Neurogenesis is defined as the creation of new brain cells. Before studies proved that neural cells do have the capacity to proliferate and repair themselves, it was often believed that species are born with a distinct amount of neural cells and as time passes, these cells would die without the ability to be healed or replaced. It was thought that the cells were mainly formed during the embryonic and perinatal stages in the mammals (Ming and Song, 2005). The first piece of evidence that proved that neural cells can be formed throughout the life of a mammal was found by Altman. He found that there were newly formed granule cells in a postnatal rat hippocampus (Altman and Das, 1965). In humans, there are two main regions that were found to have an active amount of neurogenesis. One is the subgranular zone (SGZ) which is located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. It is here that new dentate granule cells are generated. 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Hpv And Oral Cancer Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

One individual dies from unwritten malignant neoplastic disease every hr of every twenty-four hours. Oral malignant neoplastic disease is the 5th most common malignant neoplastic disease in the universe with over 450,000 instances diagnosed worldwide and over 210,000 deceases happening yearly. ( Peter KC Goon1, 2009 ) In the yesteryear, the largest causes of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases were smoking, smokeless baccy, and intoxicant. We will write a custom essay sample on Hpv And Oral Cancer Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the addition in smoking instruction and a decrease in the figure of people who smoke, certain caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases, such as voice box malignant neoplastic diseases, have decreased. However, there has been no decrease in the incidence of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases overall. In fact, tumours in the unwritten pit, chiefly the lingua and tonsils, have risen among immature work forces and adult females at a rate of around 3 % yearly. Those rates jumped to 11 % each of the last two old ages, the bulk of which is male. At this rate of growing, the figure of people diagnosed with unwritten malignant neoplastic disease will transcend the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease diagnosed yearly in the following decennary. ( Jimeno, 2010 ) What is surprising is that the cause of the addition in unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases is due to the virus that cause cervical malignant neoplastic disease and until late was considered a adult female ‘s disease. Fortunately, many of these new instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease can be avoided with compulsory and cosmopolitan vaccinums that have already been approved by the FDA, with early sensing, through public outreach plans, and most significantly, by speaking with our kids about sex The virus driving this upseting tendency in unwritten malignant neoplastic disease is the Human Papillomavirus or HPV. HPV is the most common sexually familial infection in the United States ( The Ohio State University, 2010 ) . There are approximately 100 different strains of HPV, with 60 % of them doing common warts and 40 % that are mucosal. HPV16 and 18 are both mucosal, and are deemed high hazard in the development of cancerous lesions, and are responsible for 95 % of all cervical malignant neoplastic diseases. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, HPV is responsible for over 500,000 new instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease each twelvemonth and claims over 250,000 lives worldwide. It is estimated that HPV is present in three quarters of all adult females by the clip they are 50 ( National Conference of State Legislatures, 2010 ) . It takes about two old ages for a organic structure to acquire rid of the HPV virus and most people have no sick effects or symptoms of the virus, while others will develop malignant neoplastic disease. Recent surveies reveal that over 80 % of the tumours found in freshly diagnosed oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease patients are due to HPV16 and all are squamous cell carcinomas. This extremely aggressive strain of the virus is now the taking cause of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases, exceling malignant neoplastic diseases caused by baccy and intoxicant combined. ( Swanson, 2010 ) These freshly diagnosed instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases caused by the HPV virus are chiefly happening in the base of the lingua, which is the portion that starts at the dorsum of the pharynx and continues toward the gorge, and in the tonsils. Surveies have proven that HPV16 ‘s primary agencies of transmittal is through unwritten venereal sex, although current research is concentrating on other agencies of transmittal, including caressing and sharing drinks. Once a individual has been exposed to the virus, it can take between 20 and 30 old ages for the development of HPV related unwritten malignant neoplastic disease ( Chustecka, 2010 ) . One oncologist has said that there â€Å" is an epidemic, about a pandemic, of unknown proportion†¦ , † in respects to the figure of new patients that he is now handling with caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV. The demographic for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease patients has changed over recent old ages every bit good. Prior to 2003, the bulk of these types of malignant neoplastic diseases were found in older work forces in their 60s and 70 ‘s that have a long history of smoke and imbibing intoxicant. However, these traditional hazard factors no longer use. These yearss, the archetypal patient most at hazard are Caucasic work forces and adult females in their 40s and 50s, many which have ne’er smoked coffin nails or drank intoxicant merely on rare occasions. They do nevertheless hold other high hazard factors derived from sexual patterns, chiefly a high figure of sexual spouses, or a history of unwritten genital or unwritten anal sex. To understand this recent epidemic, past sexual behaviours have to be analyzed. During the late sixties and 70s, a sexual revolution of kinds occurred. It was a clip of sexual promiscuousness and rebellion against the norms of society. Monogamy represented repression. Sexual activity with many different spouses no longer held stigmata and unwritten sex became more widely practiced. Surveies show that since the 1960s, more than 80 % of the population now engages in unwritten sex. In comparing, merely 30 % of people born prior to 1950 hold engaged in unwritten sex. ( Manier, 2008 ) With the debut of AIDS in the late 80 ‘s, sexual attitudes began to alter. Education attempts doubled and parents began once more learning their kids about abstention and â€Å" safe sex. † In the 90s, under the instructions of Bill Clinton, unwritten sex was no longer considered sex. Oral sex rates skyrocketed because it had become much more acceptable to teens and to society as a much less hazardous option. However, the hazard factor for undertaking unwritten HPV grows in direct proportion to the figure of unwritten sex spouse a individual has. If a individual has more than five but less than 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time, there is a 250 % addition in the opportunities of developing unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. That rate rises to 750 % if a individual has over 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time ( Newswire, 2010 ) . For old ages, physicians have advocated one-year Pap vilification for adult females in hopes of cut downing the figure of patients that develop cervical malignant neoplastic disease caused by the HPV virus, by catching it in its pre-cancerous phase. Unfortunately, there are no trials available for work forces. Research attempts are under manner to develop new tools for usage by tooth doctors for early sensing of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Thymine he job with some of these trials is the tumours are chiefly happening in countries non viewable by the bare oculus, in the tonsils and in the base of the lingua. Oral rinses would besides be uneffective for those same grounds. In 2007, the FDA approved a vaccinum, Gardisil, which would protect against both the virus that causes venereal warts and against the strain responsible for cervical malignant neoplastic disease. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ( ACIP ) recommends Gardisil for misss ages 9 to 26 in hopes of diminishing the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic diseases diagnosed each twelvemonth. The FDA besides approved this same vaccinum for usage in male childs every bit good. In October 2009, the ACIP heard grounds sing the efficaciousness of the vaccinum in males every bit good as the costs associated with adding males to an all female vaccinum. The information presented to the Immunization Work Group was uncomplete because the informations sing HPV and its relation to unwritten malignant neoplastic disease, anal malignant neoplastic disease and penial malignant neoplastic disease was non included. The information presented to the work group contained statistics through 2003 and hence out-of-date, as the figure of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases has increased over 30 % since that clip. After much argument, the work group approved a declaration to add the vaccinum as a permissive vaccinum for males aged nine to 16 for the intervention of venereal warts, alternatively of a recommended vaccinum to protect against both strains ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . Under a permissive recommendation, a supplier is non required to offer the vaccinum to his patients but must immunize if the parent or kid petitions the vaccinum. In add-on, private insurance will non cover the cost of the vaccinum and immunisation plans will non advance the recommendation ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . The determination to do the vaccinum permissive in males, alternatively of recommended, was based on the cost per quality adjusted life twelvemonth. To be cost effectual, a vaccinum should be less than $ 50,000 per QAL. The theoretical accounts presented to the IACP reflected a QAL over $ 100,000. These figures are non accurate because the theoretical accounts have uncomplete informations. For case, the theoretical accounts did non include all malignant neoplastic diseases that can be treated with the HPV vaccinum, merely on the strains that cause venereal warts. In add-on, the theoretical accounts were based on high inoculation rates of over 75 % in misss. Presently the inoculation rate is around 30 % . The consensus of many in the medical community is that high inoculation rates in eligible misss will contradict the demand to immunize male childs. This goes against grounds turn outing work forces and adult females have similar prevalence of the disease, and work forces have a higher acquisition rate of the virus ( Silverman, 2010 ) . Even though, with the current rate of inoculation being so low, it would do sense to urge the inoculation universally for both sexes. A cost analysis theoretical account that included the informations through 2002 but adjusted the malignant neoplastic disease rates to include all HPV malignant neoplastic diseases the vaccinum would protect against, places the QAL around $ 24,000. With the significant addition in the figure of instances in recent old ages, that sum is now even less. Either manner, the QAL falls good under the gilded criterion needed for inclusion into a national inoculation plan and would do better usage of the resources available. There has been much research by top universities and oncologists go forthing small room for argument on the correlativity of HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases in work forces, every bit good as anal and penial malignant neoplastic diseases. Despite all of the information that has been, made populace since 1998 when the nexus was foremost discovered, the Centers for Disease Control has yet to acknowledge HPV as a beginning taking to unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Public consciousness runs have started in little bunchs in the United States, but they are missing when it comes to acquiring the word out. Because of this, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases are non caught in their early phases but instead in their late phases, and this histories for the really high decease rate of about 45 % at five old ages from diagnosing, and high intervention related morbidity in subsisters. Finding these malignant neoplastic diseases in an early phase greatly improves the opportunities of endurance. Ironically, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV have a much higher rate of success than non-HPV malignant neoplastic diseases. Much of the medical community, like the populace, is non cognizant of the correlativity of unwritten sex, HPV16, and caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore, life salvaging showings are under utilised and inoculation recommendations are ignored. Despite the addition in Numberss, there is small to no public consciousness of the association between HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. In a recent European broad survey, 75 % of the respondents were unfamiliar with the term caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease while 81 % of work forces in the US were unfamiliar with HPV ( Paul L Reiter, 2009 ) . There are enterprises in topographic point to assist increase cognition about caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases. The sawbones general ‘s one-year study in 2010 focused merely on unwritten wellness this past twelvemonth, a first for this type of study. Testing protocols for tumours are in topographic point. The word is get downing to distribute but its slow traveling. Celebrities who have suffered caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease, such as Roger Ebert, are talking out about their ordeal, which can help in public consciousness, since famous person patients garner more attending than regular patients do. Screening devices are easy being developed that will help in placing these types of malignant neoplastic diseases early on. However, the biggest obstruction in cut downing the Numberss is still instruction. Our medical community must be made cognizant of the HPV connexion. In fact, the ADA merely released guidelines sing testing for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases but recommends tooth doctors to pay close attending to their patients with a history of smoke or imbibing, and no reference of HPV. Medical forces need to be trained on what to look for: a new ball or a sore pharynx that does non travel off, gruffness, a hurting or tintinnabulation in the ear, oral cavity hurting or white spots or sores in the oral cavity, fistula infections that do n’t react to antibiotics, upper jaw hurting, nose bleeds, and trouble external respiration or swallowing. In my household, the malignant neoplastic disease had spread to the lymph nodes and the first mark was a ball located on the cervix, but this occurs after the malignant neoplastic disease has metastasized into the lymph nodes, which is considered late phases of the disease. There besides lies a great trade of conflicting information on the web, including the CDC and WHO, that minimize the effects of HPV and developing oropharyngeal or other malignant neoplastic diseases. The disease is non acquiring the regard it deserves. We must besides educate through unfastened treatment with our kids, that unwritten sex is non safe sex if we hope to halt this epidemic. Sexual activity instruction has to include the dangers of multiple unwritten sex spouses and the high rates of transmittal of the virus. A 2007 study of undergraduate college pupils found that most immature grownups agree penile-vaginal intercourse is sex, but less than one in five think that oral-genital contact counts as â€Å" holding sex, † ( Stacy, April ) . Mouth rubbers or dikes are available and should be handed out like regular rubbers with instructions as to how to utilize them. Adults must besides be educated about the dangers of HPV and about showings for early sensing. The stigmata that this is merely a adult female ‘s disease or a disease found chiefly in the homosexual community must be erased. One of the ways to assist is to talk out to friends and household and portion the information. This deathly slayer must non be kept soundless any longer. One individual dies every hr from caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Our voices can go our arm in distributing consciousness. We must educate our kids and other friends and household about the dangers of HPV. Vaccines could be really good but the IACP must be supplied with current information so that current recommendations for the HPV vaccinum can be reviewed. If the current vaccinum is given before exposure to the virus, a big figure of HPV-positive instances of oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease can be prevented. Last, early sensing testing systems must be developed that can observe this unobserved malignant neoplastic diseases before it is excessively late. 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