Result, Methods, And Intro Essays - Mental Processes, Memory, Schema

Result, Methods, And Intro 12/8/00 Introduction, Methods, and Results Memory Recall Adianice Correa Memory Recall There are many questions to how people process information. Many have understood that people remember and learn components of a passage more easily when particular elements of the passage are subjectively considered to be important than when it's not. Systems such as story schemata produce organized descriptions of the substance of a text. Thus, drawing attention to particular parts of a story. However, there is no definite answer as to what makes such element s important, and therefore making such components become easily retrieved. This paper will list possible explanations for what makes specific text important. Findings from prior research give special consideration to evidence that seem to maintain dissimilarities between encoding and retrieval. The schemata theory has been used for the present experiment. In this theory, components of a schemata are slots or variables which may be defined as events or elements that are remembered better because there is a structure or framework laid down beforehand. Such theories, which try to explain how schemas work are recognized as the ?attention-directing theory? or the ?slot theory.? Schema theory provides an instant annotation on the dominance in the recollection of important information. In the ?attention-directing? hypothesis the schema singles out important elements. Therefore, more attention is devoted to these elements than to less important ones, and so they more likely to be learned. Another hypothesis is the ?ideational scaffolding? hypothesis in which the schema is most likely going to contain a slot for important text elements where the information gets stored specifically because there is a function for it. Ways of processing information are based upon individual differences, in which there may or may not be slots for both important and unimportant elements. Several investigators (Bower, 1977; Mandler Pichert & Anderson, 1977) have contemplated that a schema might provide a retrieval arrangement. The idea is that memory search comes from the generic knowledge integrated in the schema to the particular information stored when the text was read. A second possibility is that schemata guide ?output editing.? This would require suggesting that a schema includes within itself an indicator of significance, which in conjunction with the demand characteristics of the recall causes the person to establish a response condition. A final possible retrieval process is ?inferential reconstruction? (Spiro, 1977). Suppose that a participant was attempting to recall a story about going to a movie theatre. He or she might not remember whether popcorn had been eaten, but since there is a slot in his or her schema for popcorn being eaten during movie- watching. And so, the popcorn may be reconstructed, and assumes that soda was a most likely beverage to be drunk during the move session, being produced as a plausible guess. Therefore, the abstract apparatus of the schema will be biased toward reconstructing important elements. There is a repeated finding that important elements persist to emerge in recall code of behavior after a retention period, whereas the appearance of unimportant elements decreases overwhelmingly (cf. Bower, 1976; Newman, 1939). In the present study, college students were read stories from either of two directed perspectives or from no directed perspective. The passage had to do with a subject named Spike, who was trying to get out of a situation, being bound and had been accused of doing something wrong. The situation was described to be in a closed tight space with a confinement description of his surroundings. Different groups rated the importance of the elements in the story from three points of view: the viewpoint of wrestler, the viewpoint of a convict, or a non- directional perspective. The purpose of the experiment described in this paper was to attempt to offer a foundation for the process in text recall of retrieval methods separate from storage mechanisms. Within a schema framework, it can be argued that people may store information when reading a text, which they fail to produce when recalling that same information. After the subjects had been read the Spike passage, all attempted to recall the story after being presented with a distraction test. One third of the subjects were directed to one perspective, that is, from wrestler, to convict, to a

buy custom Promoting Child Development essay

buy custom Promoting Child Development essay Many researchers have conducted studies about children development and how they learn. Child development is the change that takes place from the age of one to twelve years and it has domains that include motor, cognitive, language, communication and social-emotional skills (Charlesworth 154). Learning is the interaction between a child and an adult to facilitate physical, social and emotional development (Holt 300). This paper will discuss the promotion of child development and learning in three different stages that include early, middle and late childhood according to the domains. EARLYCHILDHOOD(ONETOFOURYEARS) At the start of this age, the understanding of the child about the environment is under the influence of sight, touch and sound and as the child grows, the thinking process assimilate mental symbols and he starts to fantasize (Cath 87). The one-year-old child needs to master mobility while the older one wants to explore the environment and become independent. According to Anning, the one year old starts imitating sounds and gestures while the four year old has already mastered language skills and can effectively express his thoughts and ideas (45). The child starts realizing that he is separate from the parents or other caregivers and he begins to relate with people, who are not immediate family members. In order for the parent and caregiver to promote the child development at this stage, they need to understand and respect the domains of development at this stage. Parents and caregivers can promote the development of the child and facilitate learning. Cath explains that the domain of development at this stage include motor, cognitive, language, communication and social-emotional skills (80). Motor skill is the ability of a child to use muscles to seat, stand, or pick up something. Cognitive skill is the ability of a child to solve problems like exploring the environment or simple mathematics. Language and communication skill is the ability of a child to comprehend as well as use the language, while social-emotional is the ability to interact with other people and control himself (Anning 78). Motorskillsdevelopment.The physical ability of a child ranges from mild to aggressive activities like picking up objects and moving from one place to another (Charlesworth 32). The child is susceptible to environmental hazards, thus requires a safe environment and supervision so that he can move freely and avoid traumas. Many of the times, the environment in which a child resides, is unsafe. A parent can try to secure the home environment, but there can be pollution and overcrowding in the surrounding areas. Fabian states that health care providers, who are aware of the unfavorable environment, can support parents via finding surroundings that facilitate safe development of motor skills (32). Cognitiveskillsdevelopment. Cath explains that a child learns through play and if he experienced love before the age of one, he can explore the environment without any restriction (84). A child is usually egocentric because he lacks the cognitive ability of seeing things from the perspective of other people. His understanding of the environment has a positive relationship with language development because it depends on his ability to name and recall things found in the environment as well as communicating child's desires to significant others (Healy 220). According to Charlesworth, a child usually lives in a fantasy world and experiences difficulties in differentiating the real environment from the imaginary one (123). Parents and caregivers should motivate the child to live in a fantasy world if it is not creepy to him. According to a psychological study, Anning reports that some of the fantasies include imaginary friends and convoluted plays (86). The role of the parent and caregiver is to assist the child to distinguish between imaginary and real and facilitate the child's ability to think logically. In order to facilitate the aforementioned distinction and logical thinking, Johnsons states that parents, teachers and caregivers should provide an environment that is free from hazard so that the child can learn to explore (165). The child requires a chance of learning via experiments and planned attempts. At this stage, the child has endless questions, which puts the parents and caregivers to the test for patience and tolerance. The parent and caregivers should concede and respond to these questions in such a way that it does not only give the appropriate answer but also verifies and reinforces the curiosity of the child (Cath 82). Language and communication skills are imperative for the development of cognitive skills later in life (Anning 30). It will affect the way in which a child performs at school and interacts with others. Levine states that when a strong bond between the child and the parent exists , the child will be motivated to communicate starting by gestures followed by spoken language (124). In order to facilitate language development, the parent should play interactive games as well as read with the child. Languageandcommunicationskills.The three categories of language are speech, receptive and expressive languages (Charlesworth 132). Speech is the ability of a child to produce sound and it entail rhythm, eloquence and pronunciation. Receptive language is the childs ability to comprehend what he sees and hears. Expressing language is the ability of a child to pass information and ideas verbally through words and non-verbally through gestures. A child can have a problem in either of the aforementioned language categories. Johnsons explains that a parent should facilitate language development by exposing the child to books and loud reading before the formal training (36). The acquisition of a childs receptive and expressive language varies from age to age. At the age of one to two years, a child stops imitating sounds and acquires meaningful words like biscuit and play (Fabian 30). As a child repeats these words, he learns to use them in communication. At this stage, the child acquires expressive language by demonstrating an understanding of simple commands like run, come, drink and eat and can name common objects and people (Anning 76). The child strives to know how to communicate through gestures such as pointing and waving. According to the recent research, Levine explains that the desire to learn how to communicate indicates a normal language development and aparent should facilitate it by motivating the child with presents, for example sweets (48). At one and a half years, the child learns approximately ten new words daily and the trend continues up to four years. At the age of one and a half to two years, a child can identify nouns and comprehend straightforward questions (Maurice 89). The parent and caregiver should facilitate t he comprehension development by asking a child simple questions, an example of which is Where are you going. The child can also express himself via short phrases that contain a verb and a noun. At the age of three up to four years, the child knows basic grammar and he can pronounce words that people understand. Parents need to know the language development so that they provide an environment that facilitates learning. According to the research done, Levine explains that a parent can collaborate with health care professional so that he learns what is safe for the child (31). For instance, a child raised in a home, where people speak different kinds of languages, can learn and communicate effectively in all the languages used at home (Johnsons 86). In case the child experiences a language delay, the parent should let him learn the caregivers language. This is because the child spends most of his time with the caregiver. In another study, Levine reports that although language develops irrespective of the environmental conditions, the family members and other people that the child interact with influence the language proficiency of the child (135). A child, who is raised in the environment where people speak rich in vocabularies language and play word games and rhymes, is likely to be proficient in language as well as social-emotional skills. Social-emotionalskills.The development of this skill depends on temperance, culture and individual difference. Johnsons explains that the temperance that the child exhibited while eating, playing or feeding affect his coping and adaptation mechanisms (123). The temperance is highly individual and varies from child to child. Some children become angry very fast, some are quiet, others are very reactive and some kids act quickly before they think. Parents and caregiver need to understand the variation in temperance so that they assist the child in developing emotionally and socially (Maurice 91). When a child has a confusing behavior, the parents should discuss it among themselves or with the caregiver in order to solve any conflicting problem. According to the research done, a parent, who intervenes when the child behavior is in conflict with the caregiver's and family members' lifestyle, is likely to avoid irresponsible social and emotional behavior of the child (Maurice 84). This wi ll prevent problems in the future as the child will develop into a person of good moral character and starts developing appropriate manners. The parent should not coerce the child but counsel him in a friendly way. The culture of a community contributes to the socialization process and it influences the social and emotional skills development of the child (Levine 32). Culture affects the way a parent and family members bring up a child. In some cultures, it is only the mother who can discipline a child, while in others every person in the community is responsible for the childs growth and development. According to the researches done, community members should be involved in the discipline process of a child so that he grows socially and emotionally according to the existing culture (Maurice 12). The community can also decide how a child should behave according to sex and gender roles. The child is usually faced with a number of issues concerning gender roles, morality and competition as he grows and develops among people with different cultures, values and beliefs (Fabian 38). Depending on the socialization process, the child can develop antisocial behavior in the worse case. Caregivers should assist the child to grow into a mature person by either disciplining him whenever he goes against the set values and principles or rewarding him when he is morally upright (Levine 45). Occasionally, the caregiver can take a child to recreational facilities where he can play games with other children because it facilitates social interaction and makes the child feel valued. Apsa conducted a retrospective study and reported that when children feel valued, they develop appropriate social and emotional skills (203). A parent should develop a healthy relationship with his child and value him so that he builds a strong emotional foundation and develops self-esteem. MIDDLECHILDHOOD(FIVETONINEYEARS) At this stage the child is stable and does not have dramatic behaviors that are noticeable in early childhood. The child develops skills that will prepare him for the late childhood stage. At this stage the family and caregivers should strengthen the emotional and cognitive skills of the child so that he can cope with the stresses associated with late childhood (Fabian 37). The parent and caregiver should assist the child in developing communication skills, becoming sensitive to others, forming a positive relationship and being independent. According to Johnsons, family members and the caregiver should support the physical development of the child by collaborating with the community (111). The family members and the community should ensure that the physical environment is free from hazards and a child can access safe playgrounds and recreational facilities. This will help the childs body as well as mind develop holistically. At this stage, the domains of development include motor, cognitive, language, communication and social-emotional skills (Anning 100). Motorskills. At this stage, there is gross improvement in motor coordination and the child becomes competent in physical abilities and can participate in sports (Cath 80). These activities facilitate positive interaction, thus parents should strive to promote healthy physical skills development. Johnsons states that parents should supervise the physical development of the child by monitoring growth and improvement through weight assessment (92). This is imperative in alleviation of overweight and underweight which is common at this stage. Maurice reports that the physical development of a child can interfere with cognitive development if the parent and caregiver do not monitor the child closely (15). Researches show that an undernourished child performs poorly at school because of ineffective cognition (Maurice 29)). Cognitiveskills.The child's ability to learn depends on cognition and experiences. At this stage, the child shifts from magical to logical thinking (Healy 217). The child can collect information and make sense from it by comparing and classifying it so that he understands the world in a conceptual manner. Parents and caregivers should promote logical thinking by giving the child a chance to observe and experiment (Anning 48). They can give him a drawing book where he can draft what he thinks. At this stage the child has abstract thinking and he uses objects to represent ideas (Levine 39). The representation enables the child to explore imaginative ideas and move from magical to rational thinking. Parents and caregivers should facilitate abstract thinking by allowing them to play games that they saw on television or draw pictures after reading a story. As the cognitive development of the child continues, his language and communication skills improve. Languageandcommunicationskills.The understanding of language and abstraction enhances the childs reading, writing and communication skills (Apsa 156). As the child develops, he is able to understand the people around him and become independent. Parents and health care providers should occasionally screen the child to ensure that he does not have development impairments, like learning and behavior problems, which are prevalent at this stage (Healy 200). A child can have a delay in language development or ineffective communication skills like stammering, which requires attention. At middle childhood stage, the child wants to be proficient in communication and language and be successful at school. In a survey done, Apsa reports that when a child performs well and the family members appreciate him with warmth, he is likely to excel in education (123). Excellence in performance increases the childs self-esteem and motivates him to work harder. A parent should facilitate the childs performance by providing the reading and learning materials as well as assisting him in doing the homework (Cath 54). This will also assist in development of social emotional skills. Social-emotionalskills. In the middle childhood, the child becomes innovative, independent and sensitive to other people (Johnsons 95). He selects his friends, the food to consume and the games to play. In the event that the selection does not match with his preference, he can suffer from emotional breakdown, like stress and depression (Levine 127). The parent should support the child by allowing him to express his thoughts and feelings. A child requires freedom so that he can express his feelings and thoughts, as well as rules that he comprehends and accepts (Charlesworth 109). Parents and caregivers should allow the child to play with other children without intruding. According to the research, children learn from each other as they play together and they develop healthy social-emotional skills (Johnsons 90). On the other hand, a child should interact with adults so that his self-esteem and self-worth increase and he realizes his success abilities (Holt 312). During the interaction, the parent should give the child a specific role so that he feels valued and appreciated. The parent should also evaluate the child performance depending on the assigned task and give him another role if he has improved. LATECHILDHOOD(TENTOTWELVEYEARS) At this stage the child mature physically, socially and emotionally (Apsa 200) Parents can complicate the experience of the child if they have marital problems. This can create conflict in the family that interferes with the development of the child. Maurice states that parents should not allow their emotional differences to interfere with the development of the child because at late childhood stage the child is vulnerable to stress (21). The development domains at this stage include motor, cognitive, language, communication and social-emotional skills. Motorskills.The child develops most of the motor skills at this stage and can effectively coordinate all the physical abilities (Levine 130). The child can play a variety of games like football and basketball. Parents should facilitate motor development by encouraging the child to engage in extracurricular activities at school. Teachers can facilitate motor development by making sure that sports is included in the curriculum and is compulsory to every child. Cognitive,languageandcommunicationskills.A child who excels at school has high self-esteem and is socially competent. When a parent discusses with the child his performance, he is motivated to work hard; thus teachers should involve parents in the education process (Healy 189). Parents should discuss with the teacher their childs performance so that they identify and strengthen the strong areas, as well as correct the weakness in the timely manner. At this stage, the health care providers should assess the development of the child to determine if he has any cognitive, language or communication disabilities (Charlesworth 21). In case of any disability, the parent should refer the child to a psychologist or counselor. Social-emotionalskills.The emotional skills of the child have a positive correlation with self-esteem (Holt 324). A child with high self-esteem is usually happy while the one with low self-esteem is always sad. At this stage, the child has labile moods. The role of the parents is to understand their child and assist him in developing social emotional skills (Apsa 215). Parents should give the child freedom to associate with other people but with some restrictions. It is necessary for the parent to discuss with the child different social-emotional issues and address problems that arise. This will promote emotional development. CONCLUSION Parents, teachers and community members should collaborate in order to promote child development and how they learn. This is because the child requires comprehensive support in order to learn and develop the different skills that are crucial for the development domains. Motor skills development requires that the parents allow the child to play with others. Cognitive skills development requires that parents allow their child to engage in activities like games that facilitate cognition. The development of language, communication and social emotional skills requires that the child interact with community members and learn from them. Buy custom Promoting Child Development essay

Tips for Finding and Producing Trend Stories

Tips for Finding and Producing Trend Stories Trend stories used to be a subsection of journalism reserved for light features, like new fashions or a television show thats attracting an unexpected audience. But not all trends are pop culture-oriented and depending on where youre reporting, trends in your town may vary wildly from a city in another state or country. Theres definitely a different approach to writing a story about teenagers sexting than there would be for a story about a hot new video game. But both of those could be considered trend stories. So how do you find a trend story, and how do you tweak your approach to suit the subject matter? Here are a few tips for finding and reporting on trends. Know Your Reporting Beat The more you cover a beat, whether its a geographic beat (such as covering a local community) or a topical one (like education or transportation), the more easily youll be able to spot trends. A few that might pop up on the education beat: Are there a lot of teachers retiring early? Are more students driving to school than in years past? Sometimes you’ll be able to spot these trends just by being observant and having well-developed sources, such as parents in the school district or teachers. Check Public Records Sometimes a trend won’t be easy to spot, and you may need more than anecdotal information to establish what the story is. There are many sources of public information, such as police reports, and reports from government agencies that may help illustrate a trend that hasn’t been fully established yet.   For instance, on the police beat, you may notice a lot of drug arrests or vehicle thefts in a given neighborhood. Could this indicate a larger crime wave or a problem with drugs flowing into the area? If you’re going to use data from public records in your reporting (and you absolutely should), you’ll have to know how to file a public records request. Also referred to as an FOIA (Freedom Of Information Act) request, this is a formal request of a public agency to make available public information. Sometimes agencies will push back against such requests, but if it’s public information, they have to provide a legal reason for not providing the information, usually within a given time frame. Keep Your Eyes Open for Trends Trend stories don’t just come from a reporting beat or public records. You may notice a trend just in your everyday activities, whether it’s at the diner where you get your coffee, the barbershop or hair salon, or even the library. College campuses are a great place to observe trends, especially in clothing and music. It’s good to keep an eye on social media, although any trends you notice there probably will be noticed by hundreds of other people as well. The object is to track down whatever it is thats generating a buzz at the moment before it becomes old news. Know Your Readership or Audience As with any journalism, it’s important to know your audience. If you’re writing for a newspaper in a suburb and your readership is mostly older people and families with children, what are they not going to be aware of and what do they need to know about? It’s up to you to figure out which trends are going to be of interest to your readers and which ones they may already be aware of. Make Sure Your Trend Is Really a Trend Journalists are sometimes derided for writing stories about trends that arent really trends. So make sure whatever youre writing about is real and not the figment of someones imagination or something only a handful of people are doing. Don’t just jump on a story; do the reporting to verify that what you’re writing about really has some validity.

E-marketing in Focus Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-marketing in Focus - Term Paper Example Email is far inexpensive on a cost-per-customer basis than other electronic marketing forms. Email speed up communication to as little as 48 hours in most cases than as much as 6 to 8 weeks for direct mail. Campaign success can be measured using software intended to document responses or sales that can be attributed to email marketing efforts. Reports can be produced on the number of emails read by the recipients and the quantity wherein the embedded links were clicked. By being able to measure the accomplishment of campaigns in progress, marketers can immediately regulate strategies to make response rates stronger. Email is the most extensively used facet of the Internet and is part of many people's daily habit. It is a means of communication with remarkably large addressees that allows recipients to act on messages without delay. Email reinforces product/services awareness and helps build strong customer relationships. Frequently sent email messages that have correctly titled subje ct lines and logos strengthen the company and product/service awareness. Email builds an interactive link with clientele and in a long run develops long-lasting, mutual and beneficial relationships. Marketing Solutions.com specializes in knowing the client's business, their goals, and objectives to customize internet marketing strategies and get the best result for the growth of the clients' businesses. Marketing Solutions.com operates widely via the World Wide Web, www.mssample.com. For less than a year, Marketing Solutions managed to emerge as one of the most competitive service-oriented business solutions all throughout the world, especially in Asia. Business-related products and services are being offered by Marketing Solutions.com. Improving search engine rankings by obtaining the program to easily monitor Web traffic and study where the traffic has been coming from. Find ways to get listed in search engines through writing, coding, and designing pages to make Marketing Solutions.com website ranked high in searches.  

Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nursing - Research Paper Example The stages of change can be accounted for by using the following measures or constructs: decisional balance and self-efficacy or temptations. The former construct mirrors the person’s reflection of the advantages and disadvantages of the behavior (â€Å"Transtheoretical Model,† n.d.). It involves grouping together different categories of pros and cons, and deliberating which among the two groups is deemed more important. Plotting of the results in a line graph will demonstrate that the perceived value of a pro or a con will have changed over time, depending on the stage of change that the person is at. The self-efficacy, or temptation, construct on the other hand, depicts the co-worker’s confidence to cope with the stresses associated with the behavioral change; or the temptation to fall back to old habits (â€Å"Transtheoretical Model,† n.d.). When plotted in a graph, data will show that self-efficacy increases, while temptation decreases, as the person p rogresses through the succeeding stages of change. By using this model, change of habits and behaviors will be more effective since change is voluntary. Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior The Theory of Reasoned Action proposes that â€Å"...the immediate determinant of behavior is intention...† (Kohler, Grimley, & Reynolds, 1999, p. 25). ... Subjective norm, on the other hand, is influenced by the approval or disapproval of the behavior by people important to the person. If washing hands gain a seal of approval from a child’s mother, then the child will have the strong intent to perform the act. A new modification of the aforementioned theory is the Theory of Planned Behavior; it adds an additional factor--perceived behavioral control, to the list that influences behavioral intention (Kohler, Grimley, & Reynolds, 1999, p. 27). Perceived behavioral control refers to the person’s perception of the barriers and resources that can aid or impede the performance of the behavior. Perceived difficulties can have a negative effect on intention, whereas resources can induce a positive effect. By employing these theories in the prevention of infection in the health care setting, the nurse will be able to identify the different beliefs that affect practices in infection control; and educate proper techniques, as well a s correct false notions, so as to focus behavioral intention on proper infection-prevention activities. The most encouraging messages are those that highlight the decline of incidence of infection, as well as the assurance of protection from harm (Kohler, Grimley, & Reynolds, 1999, p. 28). Use of Katharine Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort The foundation of nursing practice, hence nursing theories, came into being in the late 1950s. Before this time, theories applied in nursing were borrowed from other disciplines. In order to affirm its relevance as a profession and to couple nursing art with evidence-based practice, a set of theories were established to support and prove the practicability, as well as the applicability of different nursing interventions. The

Science Fiction Can Be an Influence to the Evolution of Technology Essay Example for Free

Science Fiction Can Be an Influence to the Evolution of Technology Essay Introduction Science fiction and technology have been working hand-in-hand for years. Authors like Gene Rodenberry have influenced many inventors to create technological devices such as touch screen computers, iPads and tablets. Even Star Trek’s transporter technology and transparent aluminum are becoming a reality. Scientists, physicists, and engineers are using science fiction to gain insight to new ideas. The science fiction entertainment genre has often influenced technological development through literature, radio, television, and film. Do Inventors create their products under the Influence of science fiction? Many people see technology pop into reality from the mind of the writers of science fiction, as did inventor Martin Cooper who created the mobile phone and gave credit to where he got his idea. People credit Gene Rodenberry for tablets and Transporter Technology, as well as transparent aluminum, and Apple QuickTime, while others have shown that learning computers came from the idea of Cylons from Battlestar Galactica and Terminator, even the world of Tron. Arthur C. Clarke’s science fiction foresaw the use of Geostationary Satellite (GPS), as well as the Internet, which the world uses today. Jules Verne’s science fiction stories brought people submarines and helicopters. H.G. Wells, who people call the father of science fiction, brought the world atomic energy and rockets through his stories. George Orwell’s book 1984, written in 1948, described a monitoring device, the government spying on the people, and coined the term â€Å"Big Brother.† The government is watching you. A former astronaut, Christopher J. Ferguson, gave credit to science fiction writers for the influence of the creation of the space station. According to How Does Science Fiction Influence Scientific Research? (2011), I look at the space station and vehicles docking in space. Who would have imagined 40 years ago, other than on the pages of Buck Rogers and in the mind of Wernher von Braun, that we would be doing these things? But here we are, doing them on a regular basis. (Christopher J. Ferguson Former United States Astronaut, NASA). These are just a few instances where science fiction technology has influenced the creation of the real thing. There has been a majority of technological advancements by Star Trek, as the tablets, communicators, Bluetooth devices, and even technology in the process of development such as the transporter technology created in the minds of the writers of science fiction. †Fiction† could change an individual’s comprehension with the â€Å"relationships within developments.† (Gordon, 2009). As science fiction authors have envisioned items, some never saw them fulfilled while others have. Strauss (2012), â€Å"Martin Cooper, the director of research and development at Motorola, credited the ‘Star Trek’ communicator as his inspiration for the design of the first mobile phone in the early 1970s.† (Cellphone). Cooper gave Gene Rodenberry the credit for the communicators from the original Star Trek. The writers of science fiction show an influence on people who later develop the work, in light of the fictional idea. Even I-Robot is now in the process of becoming a reality. Creators of the science fiction genre have ideas of what they want to see, although the technology is not available now. Geordi La Forge’s Visor in the Next Generation of Star Trek’s TV show is now becoming a reality. According to GeordiS Visor Becoming A Reality? (2012), Once again, a bit of Star Trek sci-fi is on the verge of becoming reality. This time it’s Geordi La Forge’s VISOR, which enabled the blind character to ‘see’ on Star Trek: The Next Generation, that’s close to becoming a practical device.† (para. 1). The author conceives the creative idea that he or she writes in science fiction genre, which then becomes the basis for scientific realities or possibilities. As the writer’s ideas enter the mind of the inventors, through the invention the ideas become a reality. Many inventors have given credit to Gene Rodenberry for his technological devices in Star Trek. Star Wars is even becoming a reality as well as the other science fiction movies. Many use science fiction genre in the classroom. Science fiction genre came into the classrooms from general science, physics, and even engineering to inspire students. (Segall, 2002) â€Å"Although scie nce fiction has appeared in science and physics education for many years, the genre has not been widely used to augment engineering education. Considering the potential for science fiction to help illustrate many common engineering concepts, while at the same time challenging the students to think about the many possibilities of design and technology, this exclusion represents a loss of a valuable resource.† (p. 419) Albert Segall’s paper showed that science fiction could advance technology and, by not using it, could hinder the inventor. Segall’s point was that science fiction is in the science and physics classroom. It is a needed resource for people in the engineering field. As this shows, science fiction is a big part in creating technology and its devices. A physicist, Dr. Michio Kaku, even gives science fiction credit for the influence of technology. According to Transparent Aluminium Is New State Of Matter' (2009), â€Å"(PhysOrg.com) Oxford scientists have created a transparent form of aluminium by bombarding the metal with the world’s most powerful soft X-ray laser. Transparent aluminium previously only existed in science fiction, featuring in the movie Star Trek IV, but the real material is an exotic new state of matter with implications for planetary science and nuclear fusion.† (para. 1). as well as the Associated Press’s article on the data scientists gave on the transporter technology, OCONNOR (2002), CANBERRA, Australia (AP) Australian scientists said Monday they had successfully teleported a laser beam encoded with data, breaking it up and reconstructing an exact replica a yard away.† (para. 1). As inventors continue to create new inventions, promising scientists, physicists and engineers can se e the importance of the use of science fiction in a classroom. As Segall showed that science fiction could inspire engineers and inventors of the past, he demonstrated how science fiction could be helpful to students in the future. Some devices which science fiction created are still not a reality Many could say that science fiction is fantasy because time travel, shrinking or enlarging devices, and computer digitalization, as from the movie Tron, are yet to appear. Some people do not look at science fiction as a resource because of its negative aspects. H.G. Wells, the author of the book, Time Machine which foreshadowed the movie called Back to the Future, The 50-Foot Woman, and Honey, I shrunk the Kids are but a few science fiction ideas that have not happened as far as we know. There are many examples that people use to say that science fiction does not influence technology, but there is more evidence to support that it does. Although Lightsabers of Star Wars are not in the same style as the movie, they have become reality in a similar prototype. What are the positive and negative sides of science fiction becoming a reality? As science fiction becomes reality, its use can be positive or negative: but does it help or hurt humankind? Many technological devices developed from science fiction were taken from the private sector, utilized by the Military, and were altered to be used in another manner than previously intended. For instance, George Orwell’s book, called 1984, was banned by many school administrators from being read in schools because of its political outlook of surveillance devices. Conclusion Through literature, radio, television, and film, the entertainment of science fiction has influenced technology and its devices. Arthur C. Clarke has seen the things he has written about come true. Science Fiction writers like Gene Rodenberry, H.G. Wells, Jules Verne, George Lucas, and other writers have given physicists, scientists, and engineers ideas of inspiration to create technological devices. Noticeably a few areas of science fiction have not become a reality yet, such as a human being digitized into an electronic form; a human being shrunk or enlarged in size; and time travel. Yet, many things in science fiction have come to reality: for example, mobile phones, tablets, and touch screen computers. Even the term â€Å"Big Brother is watching you,† given through the thoughts of George Orwell from his book 1984, written in 1948, has seen a counterpart in modern surveillance equipment. The relationship of science fiction and technology has been working hand-in-hand for generations. Reference Segall, A. E. (2002, October). Science fiction in the engineering classroom to help teach basic concepts and promote the profession. Journal of Engineering Education, 91(4), 419-423. How does science fiction influence scientific research?. (2011). Retrieved from http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/science-fiction-influence-scientific-research Gordon, R. (2009, December). Learning From Fiction: Applications in Emerging Technologies. Bulletin of Science, Technology Society, 29(6), 470 475. Retrieved from http://bst.sagepub.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/29/6/470 Strauss, M. (2012). Ten Inventions Inspired by Science Fiction. Retrieved from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Ten-Inventions-Inspired-by-ScienceFiction.html?c=ypage=7navigation=next#IMAGES Putt, S. (2011). Using science fiction to teach science facts. Minnesota State University, Mankato). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 41. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/894263497?accountid=358 12. (894263497). Transparent aluminum is new state of matter. (2009). Retrieved from http://phys.org/news167925273.html OCONNOR, P. (2002). Scientists Report Teleported Data. Retrieved from http://www.timeenoughforlove.org/saved/YahooNewsScientistsReportTeleportedDat a.htm Geordis VISOR Becoming A Reality?. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.startrek.com/article/geordis-visor-becoming-a-reality

Reflection Upon A Critical Incident Essay -- Reflection Upon Nursing S

This paper will reflect upon and explore a critical incident which occurred whilst attending a clinical placement. Reflective practice has become very popular over the last few decades throughout a variety of professions. In some professions it has become one of the defining features of competence. The wide spread utilization of reflective practice is due to the fact that it ‘rings true’ (Loughran, 2000). Within different disciplines, what is understood by reflective practice varies considerably (Fook et al, 2006). Despite this, some agreement has been achieved. In general, reflective practice is understood as the process of learning through and from experience towards gaining new insights of self and/or practice (Boud et al 1985; Boyd and Fales, 1983; Mezirow, 1981, Jarvis, 1992). This often involves examining assumptions of everyday practice. It also tends to involve the individual practitioner in being self-aware and critically evaluating their own responses to practice situations. The point is to recapture practice experiences and think about them critically in order to gain new understandings. This is understood as part of the process of life-long learning. Critical Incident Definition Critical Incidents are regarded as valuable learning tools for nurses. (Bailey 1995). Nurses are responsible for providing quality of care to patients (NMC 2015). In order to provide this care there is a need to have the ability to critically think, problem solve, make judgement and contribute to planning. Through the use of Critical thinking these skills can be developed, which can allows the nurse to analysis the situation through evidence , logical thinking and the actions that lead to the incident and will result in a change of p... ...lassets/siteDocuments/NMC-Publications/NMC-Standards-for-medicines-management.pdf O'Shea, Ellen (1999) Factors contributing to medication errors: a literature review Journal of Clinical Nursing 8:496-504] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2702.1999.00284.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false Parkinson's Disease National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care (2006) NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 35. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK48513/ Parkinson's UK (2015) http://www.parkinsons.org.uk/news/news-topics/research Pyne, R. On being accountable. (1988) Health Visitor Jun;61(6):173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3378907 "Understanding Parkinson's" Parkinson's Disease Foundation (2015) http://www.pdf.org/symptoms

Common Inventory System Problems & Solution Essay

Symptoms: Preoccupation with the forecast within the execution time frame. Typically, companies begin altering their forecast management processes when addressing supply chain performance. But this is unwise without understanding the nature of your demand and the root causes of forecast errors. When forecast accuracy is overemphasized, fill rates and inventory turns don’t improve, even when forecast accuracy does. No measure of customer service or inventory turns. Customers must be satisfied on an ongoing basis for a company to achieve long-term sustainability. Yet, inventory managers often have no idea how well customers’ needs are being met. Similarly, without knowing how quickly inventory moves through the value-creation-and-delivery system, a company won’t be able to manage inventory levels. Daily planning is based on a back order report. This is an entirely reactive model. Today’s fast-paced marketplace requires proactive inventory planning to meet current demand. Customers will switch to a competitor if their needs are consistently unmet in the time frame they dictate. Solutions: Mandatory tracking of fill rate and inventory turns for all product lines. Product managers should know these measures at all times. Fill rate should be measured daily, while inventory-turn measures will vary based on sales and production cycles. The important thing is that managers are both tracking and working to improve these rates. Develop realistic forecast-error measures. Developing realistic measures for how much forecast error you can tolerate without a SKU stock-out is essential. Typically, companies estimate plus or minus 10 for this measure, which equals about two days worth of inventory-a miniscule amount considering that companies often have weeks or months worth of inventory. Effective forecast management and inventory planning require accurate data, so accurate forecast error measures are a must. Mistake No. 2: Having unqualified employees manage inventory Symptoms: A sentiment that â€Å"our business is different because (fill in the blank).† Every company has inventory planning challenges, such as variable demand. No business is so different that it would not benefit from strategic  inventory management. Decentralized inventory management. If warehouse managers, office clerks, and other employees without specific inventory-management training are making inventory-management decisions, then it is certain that wasteful inventory is piling up throughout the system. Usually, this model reflects a company with no clear goals or strategy for inventory planning. Lack of formal training program or professional peer interaction. Inventory management is a professional skill that requires upfront and ongoing education. Emphasizing â€Å"buying† over planning. Buyers make purchases, but planners make strategic decisions to meet goals. Thinking of inventory planning from a purely â€Å"buying† point of view means opportunities for improvement and financial benefits will be overlooked—daily. Solutions: Recognize that inventory management requires professional job skills, and hire and train accordingly. Just as a company with hundreds of thousands of free dollars on its balance sheet would hire professional investment advisers, a company with hundreds of thousands of dollars in inventory should have professional inventory managers. Assign accountability for inventory management. Often, companies can’t answer the question, â€Å"Who is in charge of making sure inventory levels support strategic goals?† If no one is, then these inventory planning goals will never be met. TOP 5 SOLUTIONS: 1. Use reorder points on inventory items to keep purchasing streamlined and inventory manageable. Reorder points (otherwise known as min. and max. levels) are the best method for making sure you have the right amount of inventory in your warehouse at all times. If you have too little inventory you could lose out on sales, but if you have too much your cash is tied up in inventory that will not be sold. One of the biggest problems many companies have is managing their cash. A quick way to solve that from an inventory standpoint is by making sure you have set the appropriate reorder points for your business. 2. Spend money on specialized training for mission-critical software. Companies with a lot of inventory spend thousands of dollars on software they need in order to manage and track their items as  they move all over the world. This software manages millions of dollars’ worth of assets. After spending so much money on software, some companies don’t want to spend a f ew thousand dollars extra to buy the specialized training they need to implement the software. This is a big mistake because this software won’t do you any good if you don’t spend a little bit more to learn how to use it. If you try to learn your software on your own you may suffer for months before you learn the basics of how it works. 3. Rearrange the warehouse to set up for picking efficiencies. Sometimes trainers see mistakes that are so obvious you would think they’d be corrected immediately, but warehouse managers may be too distracted to notice them. We often see 100,000-square-foot warehouses that are organized inefficiently. These companies could save themselves large sums of money by making a few changes to where they place their inventory. The items that you sell the most or send out the most should be right next to the shipping dock. This keeps your employees from having to walk all the way across the warehouse to pick them up every time you are going to send them out. As companies grow, sometimes they just randomly put things where there is sp ace. This works for a little while, but as you grow you need to think about efficiency because the minutes that your employees spend driving around the forklift cost you money. 4. Take time to get to know your technology so that you can use all the functionality. Rarely will a company use all of the functionality their software provides. Most of the time there is more that the software can do for you that you haven’t explored. Software companies always hear from their customers about which features they want added to the software when a lot of the time the features are already there. The more features that you use in the software the more effective you can be in managing your inventory. You should either assign someone within the company to learn the software functionality or pay someone to come in and teach it to you. 5. Stop doing yearly physical inventories and move to a more regular, smaller cycle counting and reconciling routine. Businesses used to shut down for a day to a week each year to go into their warehouse and physically count everything to make sure that it matched the information in their software. This practice is mostly outdated because of the amount of time and money it takes. Doing these checks in smaller, more regular cycles keeps a company from having to shut down. We recommend picking one section each day to check  your product levels against the information from your inventory software.

My Mother Never Worked

Chris Godkin D. Maggard English 1113, 323 19, September 2012 My Mother Never Worked In the story â€Å"My Mother Never Worked,† Bonnie Smith-Yackel recalls the time she contacted the Social Security service about her mother’s death benefits. At that time, Bonnie was put on hold while the Social Security worker searched through the files for the record of Martha Jerabek Smith. During the time she was waiting, Bonnie began to reminisce about the life of her deceased mother. As time goes by, the worker eventually returns to the phone.The worker explains to Bonnie that she is not able to receive the death benefits of her mother due to the fact she never had recordable job. During the duration of the phone call with the Social Security worker, Bonnie seemed quite distraught in she was very slow to answer the questions of the worker. She took short pauses throughout her sentences before completing them. She was asked a few questions about her mother in relation to her name, a ge, Social Security number and if she was on Social Security. Bonnie told the worker that her mother was seventy eight and was on Social Security but she did not know the number.The worker then placed Smith-Yackel on hold while she searched for Martha Jerabek Smith’s record. Bonnie then used that time to search through her mind and recollect the memory of her mother. Her mother graduated high school in 1913, as did her father the same year. Martha loved Ben F. Smith, Bonnie’s father, but was afraid of marriage. The thought of planning her wedding day, having children and just being a married woman made her nervous and sick. As the years went by, she overcame her worries and married her love, Ben F. Smith, and began farming.In January, 1922 Martha gave birth to her first daughter. Her second child, a boy, was born in March 1923. During this time, they were renting farms and working on other people’s farms to earn what little income they could. Martha learned to d o a variety of tasks. Such as, tend to chickens and livestock, plant and harvest crops, and can fruits and vegetables. In September 1925, and again in June 1927, Martha gave birth to her third and fourth child- both daughters. In 1930, they reclaimed a forty-acre field. Her mother worked the fields day after day.Harvesting and planting, tending to livestock, anything that needed to be done, she was able to do. A year later, a drought hit and dried up the soil, starving and dehydrating the crops. Only half of the crops were harvested that year. In February 1934, their fifth child, a daughter, was born. During the winters, Martha sewed coats and jackets, and remade clothes so they would fit the growing children. In 1937 she gave birth to her fifth daughter. In 1939, she bared her second son. In 1941, her third son and eighth child were born.By then, she had thirty head of cattle which she milked daily. Shortly after, the Rural Electricity Administration and indoor plumbing had arrived . In 1959 her youngest child graduated. Though she was aging, Martha still worked every day out in the fields, making sure that everything was in order. Ten years later Martha and Ben were heading into town for sugar when they crashed into a ditch. Martha was severely injured and paralyzed from the waist down. In 1970 Ben F. Smith passed away. Martha had done her best to regain self-control and order in life.It was over bearing for her to lose her husband and have to deal with the burden of paralysis. She attended a rehabilitation institute where she learned to be independent and self-sufficient in a wheel chair. Though she was in a wheel chair, she still worked every day. She canned fruit and vegetables, sewed coats and even made a quilt. A voice quickly caught Bonnie’s attention. It was the Social Security worker, she had found the file. She stated that Bonnie’s mother had been receiving a widow’s pension. Bonnie then agreed with the worker.Then she stated tha t her mother is not entitled the Social Security service’s death benefit. Confused, Bonnie asked why her mother was not entitled. The worker said, â€Å"Well, you see – your mother never worked. † The way the story ends is superb. It makes one think back to all the work that Martha did on the farm and in the home. In the eyes of the knowing, we see that she had in fact been working herself to the bone on a farm for most her life. In the eyes of the government, or the blind more or less, Martha had no official work history. Therefore she was unable to receive any benefits.

5 Tips on How to Work with an Editor

5 Tips on How to Work with an Editor 5 Tips on How to Work with an Editor 5 Tips on How to Work with an Editor By Mark Nichol You’ve retained an editor’s services and have received the edited version of your manuscript or article, or you are reviewing the work of a staff or freelance editor working for a publication you have submitted your content to. If you haven’t worked with an editor before, you may be disconcerted by the amount of editing that has been done. But whether you’re a novice or a veteran, these guidelines will help you have a productive relationship with the editor. 1. Respect Objectivity An editor experiences your work dispassionately. Whether he or she simply engages with a decent manuscript or exults in the opportunity to help craft a classic, the editor is not emotionally involved. Take advantage of this fortunate fact by carefully considering any changes, comments, or suggestions the editor makes about your work Is a character in a novel too good or too evil, or inconsistent in behavior or inadequately portrayed? Is your how-to book poorly organized or too sparse or too dense? Have you inserted yourself too obtrusively into an essay? An editor will let you know. Trust his or her outside perspective. An editor is the reader’s representative, and as he or she reacts to the content, so, likely, will your intended readership. 2. Cool Off If something an editor does or says puts you off, do not respond immediately. Consider the substance, not the delivery, of the critique, then reply or accept the comment or the change with good grace or reject it with good grace based on its merits. Don’t be defensive. Good editors are generally diplomatic, but few people can avoid saying something the wrong way sometimes. (Editors should follow this advice from their end, too.) 3. Pick Your Battles Editors reorganize syntax and replace words, among other tasks. Sometimes these are optional changes, made because the editor believes that another word or a recast sentence works better and sometimes because the original word is wrong or the original sentence is confusing or ungrammatical. In the former case, feel free to disagree, but understand that an editor may revise dozens or even hundreds of words or sentences, and you’re wise to let most of them pass without comment. That said, if you strongly believe in challenging a change, politely ask the editor about his or her rationale for making it. If the editor informs you that the revision corrects an error, thank him or her perhaps before asking for clarification so that you can avoid repeating such mistakes and move on. If a particular edit is discretionary but strongly advised, use your good judgment about accepting or rejecting it. (But see the next item’s second paragraph, too.) 4. Be Prepared to Rewrite When you work with a developmental editor, he or she will likely recommend that you do a lot of rewriting. (If you thought you had submitted the final draft, you were naive.) You will likely be advised to do significant reorganizing of sections and recasting of sentences. The editor will suggest that you add new content and delete existing material. A copy editor will send you a list of queries, or embed comments in the manuscript, or both. A good copy editor will usually understand what you were trying to say and will improve unclear or verbose content, but occasionally he or she may be unsure of your intent, or may ask you to confirm that the revision better reflects it. You are always welcome to revise a revision, and good editors are happy to know that they prompted you to come up with something better than both the original and their alteration. 5. Accept Fallibility Even the best editors sometimes misunderstand material or make a mistake. If you catch an editor’s error, go ahead and gloat a little, but then politely inform the editor, who should appreciate receiving clarification or learning something new. Forbearance is especially important if the content is especially esoteric or technical. Of course, if errors are numerous or you are otherwise dissatisfied with the editing, or the relationship becomes strained for some reason, try to resolve the difficulty calmly. If your efforts are not productive, check in with a staff editor’s manager and ask for advice or action, or inform the freelance editor that you will pay him or her for the work already done but have decided to retain the services of another editor. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Driver License vs. Driver’s LicenseEducational vs. Educative

Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon in the Civil War

Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon in the Civil War Nathaniel Lyon - Early Life Career: The son of Amasa and Kezia Lyon, Nathaniel Lyon was born at Ashford, CT on July 14, 1818.   Though his parents were farmers, Lyon had little interest in pursuing a similar path.   Inspired by relatives who had served in the American Revolution, he instead sought a military career.   Gaining entry to West Point in 1837, Lyons classmates included John F. Reynolds, Don Carlos Buell, and Horatio G. Wright.   While at the academy, he proved an above average student and graduated in 1841 ranked 11th in a class of 52.   Commissioned as a second lieutenant, Lyon received orders to join the Company I, 2nd US Infantry and served with the unit during the Second Seminole War.   Nathaniel Lyon - Mexican-American War: Returning north, Lyon commenced garrison duty at Madison Barracks at Sacketts Harbor, NY.   Known as a tough disciplinarian with a fiery temper, he was court-martialed following an incident in which he beat a drunken private with the flat of his sword before hog-tying him and throwing him in jail.   Suspended from duty for five months, Lyons behavior led him to be arrested twice more prior to the beginning of the Mexican-American War in 1846.   Though he had concerns regarding the countrys motivation for war, he traveled south in 1847 as part of Major General Winfield Scotts army. Commanding a company in the 2nd Infantry, Lyon earned praise for his performance in the Battles of Contreras and Churubusco in August as well as received a brevet promotion to captain.   The following month, he sustained a minor leg wound in the final battle for Mexico City.   In recognition of his service, Lyon earned a promotion to first lieutenant.   With the end of the conflict, Lyon was sent to northern California to aid in maintaining order during the Gold Rush.   In 1850, he commanded an expedition sent to locate and punish members of the Pomo tribe for the deaths of two settlers.   During the mission, his men killed a large number of innocent Pomo in what became known as the Bloody Island Massacre. Nathaniel Lyon - Kansas: Ordered to Fort Riley, KS in 1854, Lyon, now a captain, was angered by the terms of the Kansas-Nebraska Act which permitted the settlers in each territory to vote to determine whether slavery would be permitted.   This resulted in a flood of pro- and anti-slavery elements into Kansas which in turn led to wide-ranging guerrilla warfare known as Bleeding Kansas.   Moving through the US Armys outposts in the territory, Lyon attempted to help keep the peace but steadily began supporting the Free State cause and the new Republican Party.   In 1860, he published a series of political essays in the Western Kansas Express which made his views clear.   As the secession crisis began following the election of Abraham Lincoln, Lyon received orders to take command of the St. Louis Arsenal on January 31, 1861. Nathaniel Lyon - Missouri: Arriving in St. Louis on February 7, Lyon entered a tense situation which saw the largely Republican city isolated in a mostly Democratic state.   Concerned about the actions of pro-secession Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, Lyon became allies with Republican Congressmen Francis P. Blair.   Assessing the political landscape, he advocated for decisive action against Jackson and enhanced the arsenals defenses.   Lyons options were hampered somewhat by Department of the West commander Brigadier General William Harney who favored a wait and see approach to dealing with the secessionists.   To combat the situation, Blair, through St. Louis Committee of Safety, commenced raising volunteer units comprised of German immigrants while also lobbying Washington for Harneys removal.         Though a tense neutrality existed through March, events accelerated in April following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter.   When Jackson refused to raise the volunteer regiments requested by President Lincoln, Lyon and Blair, with permission from Secretary of War Simon Cameron, took it upon themselves to enlist the called for troops.   These volunteer regiments quickly filled and Lyon was elected their brigadier general.   In response, Jackson raised the state militia, part of which gathered outside the city at what became known as Camp Jackson.   Concerned about this action and alerted to a plan to smuggle Confederate weapons into the camp, Lyon scouted the area, and with the aid of Blair and Major John Schofield, devised a plan to surround the militia. Moving on May 10, Lyons forces succeeded in capturing the militia at Camp Jackson and began marching these prisoners to the St. Louis Arsenal.   En route, the Union troops were pelted with insults and debris.   At one point, a shot rang out which mortally wounded Captain Constantine Blandowski.   Following additional shots, part of Lyons command fired into the crowd killing 28 civilians.   Reaching the arsenal, the Union commander paroled the prisoners and ordered them to disperse.   Though his actions were applauded by those with Union sympathies, they led to Jackson passing a military bill which created the Missouri State Guard under the leadership of former governor Sterling Price.   Nathaniel Lyon - Battle of Wilson Creek: Promoted to brigadier general in the Union Army on May 17, Lyon assumed command of the Department of the West later that month.   A short time later, he and Blair met with Jackson and Price in an attempt to negotiate peace.   These efforts failed and Jackson and Price moved towards Jefferson City with the Missouri State Guard.   Unwilling to lose the state capital, Lyon moved up the Missouri River and occupied the city on June 13.   Moving against Prices troops, he won a victory at Booneville four days later and compelled the Confederates to retreat to the southwest.   After installing a pro-Union state government, Lyon added reinforcements to his command which he dubbed the Army of the West on July 2.   While Lyon encamped at Springfield on July 13, Prices command united with Confederate troops led by Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch.   Moving north, this combined force intended to attack Springfield.   This plan soon came apart as Lyon departed the town on August 1. Advancing, he took the offensive with the goal of surprising the enemy.   An initial skirmish at Dug Springs the next day saw Union forces victorious, but Lyon learned that he was badly outnumbered.   Assessing the situation, Lyon made plans to retreat to Rolla, but first decided to mount a spoiling attack on McCulloch, who was encamped at Wilsons Creek, to delay the Confederate pursuit.   Attacking on August 10, the Battle of Wilson Creek initially saw Lyons command have success until its efforts were halted by the enemy.   As the fighting raged, the Union commander sustained two wounds but remained on the field.   Around 9:30 AM, Lyon was hit in the chest and killed while leading a charge forward.   Nearly overwhelmed, Union troops withdrew from the field later that morning.   Though a defeat, Lyons rapid actions in the preceding weeks helped keep Missouri in Union hands.   Left on the field in the confusion of the retreat, Lyons body was recovered by the Confederates and buried at a local farm.   Later recovered, his body was re-interred in his family plot in Eastford, CT where around 15,000 attended his funeral.   Ã‚   Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Nathaniel LyonState Historical Society of Missouri: Nathaniel LyonFirebrand in a Powder Keg

Government should be responsible for the unemployed in the uk. To what Essay

Government should be responsible for the unemployed in the uk. To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example Major aim of this essay is to address the initiatives that are taken by British Government in order to reduce the growing unemployment rate. The first reason is British Government has utilized taxes that are collected from the common people in order to create employment opportunities for job seekers in public sectors. In addition to this, the British government has introduced government welfare expenditure programme in the year 2012 to provide income benefits to common people by utilising the tax amount. British government announced 16 percent of government spending in the year 2011 to create employment opportunities for job seekers (Heyes, 2011, p.6). Government has made significant investments in several benefit areas, such as state pension, disability living allowance, income support for job losers, rent rebate, allowances of job seekers and pension credit for old people. Government has ensured these expenditures by utilizing collected public tax amount. In the financial year 2011-12, the British government has made huge investment to pay employment benefits to unemployed people during the era of post economic recessi on. It is true that public service pension cost has risen effectively in last 10 years (HM Treasury, 2013, p.16). Moreover, British government has invested in several public service development programmes, such as introduction of public schools, hospitals and other institutions. Expenditure behind these initiations can come under other uncategorized expenditure. It enables huge number of job seekers to find employment opportunities in these public sectors. First of all, these developments used to help the common people to stabilize their social life. On the other hand, development process of these public services generally generates significant employment opportunities for the common people (Hall, 2003, p.21). Government generally utilises this tax amount in the development of public