MTB-MLE in Philippine Education free essay sample

President Benigno S. Aquino’s education agenda states the following regarding language in the curriculum: â€Å"’to use English to connect with the world, to use Filipino to connect to our country and the mother tongue to connect with our heritage. ’† (Gunigundo A9) How are these attitudes imbibed by today’s Filipino youth? This is where Mother tongue-based learning comes in. Mother tongue-based learning, also known as Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE), uses more than two languages as a medium of instruction. It is grounded on making children literate in their first language or L1. They are only taught Filipino and English when they have mastered their first language. When they are used to Filipino and English, the abilities and lessons they acquired in L1 can be used in their secondary languages (Nolasco, â€Å"Why children learn better while using mother tongue† A13). Its main objective is for children to learn basic skills in their regional language prior to learning in their L2 (Quismundo A10). We will write a custom essay sample on MTB-MLE in Philippine Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Students learn and understand better when the medium of instruction is the language they are most exposed to, the language they know the best (â€Å"Why the ‘English bill’ is tantamount to national suicide† 9). Thus, the mother tongue-based learning program should be implemented in Philippine provinces to improve the primary foundation for education. Experiments on the implementation of Mother tongue-based learning programs have been around for over 60 years. It was first implemented in Iloilo in 1948, when Hiligaynon was made the medium of instruction. Two years later, it was found that learners under the program did better than those who were taught in only English. The next trial was the Rizal Experiment of 1960, which proved that the more a student is exposed to a language, the more capable he or she will be at using it in the future. Around 25 years later, the First Language Component-Bridging Program (FLC-BP) attested that students given proper transition from their first language to English and Filipino, their secondary languages, excel more than those who are immediately taught in English and Filipino. Then, in 1999, under Lingua Franca project, two sets of groups were observed: The experimental groups which used Ilocano, Cebuano and Tagalog were used as a medium of instruction, and the control groups which used English and Filipino. At the end of the second year, it was found that the experimental groups averaged higher scores than the control groups did (Quijano). With all these studies and experimentations, it is evident that the choice of the language for instruction is a pressing issue for Filipinos. Students cannot fully comprehend what is being taught because the medium of instruction is not a language they are familiar with (Nolasco, â€Å"’Language Martyrs’† n. p. ). According to Tarra Quismundo (A10), one of the reasons why students drop out of school is because the medium of instruction used is a language they don’t understand. How will students be able to take part in class discussions and such when they are unable to comprehend what is going on? Because these issues are not given an immediate response, there are at present, an estimated 221 million children around the world who choose not to attend school (Ndaruhutse). When a child is allowed to use his or her own language, expression becomes easier. With Multilingual Education (MLE), children are enabled to voice out their thoughts and opinions, making them part of the learning process (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 6). If a child cannot effectively express his or her thoughts, he or she will end up either questioning his or her surroundings or merely go with the flow (Tubeza, â€Å"Local dialects key to global success† A6). Aside from students, the mother tongue-based learning program would benefit teachers as well. â€Å"No less than former Department of Education Secretary Butch Abad revealed a year or two ago that easily 70 percent of public school teachers are incapable of communicating effectively in English. [†¦] It is the most basic principle of management that objective and strategy must equate with the reality of available means. † (â€Å"Why the ‘English bill’ is tantamount to national suicide† 9) When teachers are restricted to teaching with a language they cannot fully grasp, it can lead to detrimental effects for the students. With this program, teachers would be more effective, especially if they are more accustomed to the local language. In teaching with the vernacular, they would be enabled to relate to students better in class (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 6). According to Valenzuela Representative Magtanggol Gunigundo, in Valenzuela, only 13 percent of Filipino examinees got a particular question in the 2003 Trends in International math and Science Studies (TIMSS) right. A further study showed that when selected items were simplified into Filipino, top students of the lower grade scored higher than the top students in the higher grade that took the original test (A9). When the program was tested In Mindanao, there was a significant rise seen in the average National Achievement Test (NAT) scores of Manobo students who were under the Culture-Responsible Curriculum for Indigenous People-Third Elementary Educational Project (CCIP-TEEP). These students were first taught in Minanubu, then later on introduced to English and Filipino (Quijano). Results like these have motivated Rep. Gunigundo himself to propose a bill to the House of Representatives that pushes for multilingual education. This bill encourages the use of the native language during the primary years of education, and requires the provision of proper transition to English and Filipino as the child progresses to higher levels. It promotes the mother language, at the same time, it does not demean English or Filipino (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 17-18). The Department of Education has also taken some measures to address the need for mother tongue-based learning. In DepEd Order No. 60, s. 2008, the Department of Education acknowledged that mother tongue-based learning is the best way to provide proper transition from a child’s first language to the second, creating a proper foundation for education (Quijano). In June 2009, the 30-year-old bilingual policy was replaced. Then DepEd secretary Jesli Lapus signed Order No. 74, s. 2009, in support of Rep. Gunigundo’s bill, to implement Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education as the new teaching strategy for primary education (Tubeza, â€Å"DepEd shifts to mother tongue for grade school† A5). However, basic education in the Philippines will not be automatically better with the implementation of the Mother Tongue-based learning program (Martin, â€Å"The MTB-MLE Express: unstoppable† A15). In a recent Presidential Policy Forum, Manuel Villar Jr. , Sen. Richard Gordon and Gilbert Teodoro all said that English should be the medium of instruction for primary and elementary. Villar said that English and Filipino should be implemented in school for the nation’s progress, while Teodoro said that English should be taught in preschool to avoid difficulty in learning it at a later age (Mendez 2). Making English the lingua franca would benefit those who aim for global careers (David A12), like Filipino seafarers who have the advantage of knowing how to speak in English unlike the Chinese and Koreans, who are the country’s competitors in the business. But focusing on English alone can lead to the loss of other job opportunities. It could end up with Filipinos striving superficial jobs such as those in the call center market (Tan, â€Å"Multilingual† A15). Despite research on the MLE program showing that students learn better with their mother tongue, the House of Representatives still is still insisting on using English as the medium of instruction (Nolasco, â€Å"FIND ME PLEASE† n. p. ). There is a pending â€Å"English Bill† that â€Å"[†¦] Cebu Representative Eduardo Gullas proudly pushes [†¦] by saying ‘Mounting global unemployment [†¦] underscored the need for our human resources to be proficient in English – the world’s lingua franca – in order to stay highly competitive in the job markets here and abroad. ’† (â€Å"Why the ‘English bill’ is tantamount to national suicide† 9) With this bill, mother languages are sacrificed in favor of English and Filipino (Tan, â€Å"Mother tongue† A15). One of the reasons why English is still being pushed to be the medium of instruction because people remember how effective American education was during the American occupation, when in reality, it was mostly the upper class Filipinos who were able to graduate and attain a degree (Nolasco, â€Å"’Language Martyrs’† n. p. ). If students are taught using only English, the elitist traits of the Filipino people will be highlighted (Esposo 11). Filipinos fail to realize that using English is not for people in all social classes. Instead, they assume that everyone can speak it perfectly (Tan, â€Å"’Mother Tongue’† A15). Instead of waiting for the government decision on the permanent medium of instruction, some Filipinos have already opted to put their children in schools with a multilingual curriculum (Tan, â€Å"Mother tongue† A15). An Ateneo de Manila University graduate, James Soriano (A16), recently wrote an article that was published in the Manila Bulletin, and later on, the Philippine Daily Inquirer. The article talked about how he referred to Filipino as â€Å"the language of the streets†. He said: [ ] Filipino was a chore, [†¦] it was not the language of learning. [†¦] We used to think learning Filipino was important because it was practical: Filipino was the language of the world outside the classroom. It was the language of the streets. [†¦] Only recently have I begun to grasp Filipino as the language of identity: the language of emotion, experience and even of learning. [†¦] It might have the capacity to be the language of learning, but it is not the language of the learned. [†¦] I may be disconnected from my being Filipino, but with a tongue of privilege, I will always have my connections. [†¦] This article sparked a lot of controversy, with different people writing to newspapers with their own thoughts on the article and on the language itself. Many said that because of James Soriano’s article, the youth has given importance to the language again. They have realized the role and impact a language can have on Philippine culture and on the country itself (Pimentel A16). Others said that his real intentions were to make Filipinos understand the magnitude of the language, especially since the article first came out during the month Filipino is honored (Estoya A16). Since the Philippines is a very linguistically diverse country, with over 150 languages to date (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 7), there have been many trials on multilingual education all around the country. For instance, in Lanao, it was found that people became more interested in reading when old myths and legends were translated in Maranaw. Another example is one of the most successful multilingual programs in the Philippines in Kalinga. There, a community has already started to use the program permanently, after a successful experiment showed that teaching in Lubuagan helped students perform better in standardized tests (Martin, â€Å"Mother-tongue education is the way to go† n. p. ). These students ranked first in the provincial reading test in 2006, scoring higher in the Filipino and English reading tests than other students. Studies showed that by the third year of implementation, students in multilingual classrooms were doing better than students who aren’t (G. Dekker and D. Dekker A11). Mother tongue-based education or multilingual education is not unique to the Philippines. In fact, people in other Asian countries that are more developed than the Philippines were educated in the country’s chosen vernacular. English is only learned optionally as an extra ability (â€Å"Why the ‘English bill’ is tantamount to national suicide† 9). Parents in South American countries, such as Bolivia, have different opinions on learning with the mother language, because they think that their children need to learn Spanish more than their mother tongue. Despite this, UNICEF has implemented a Bilingual education program. With all the effort, they are still having trouble carrying out the program because of the lack of teachers and learning aids (ed. Haddad 168). In South Africa, the program is only implemented in places where there are enough capable teachers and community members to help carry it out. The choice of language to be used in the classroom is left up to the parents, however, if the school or government does not approve, they have the power to change what has been decided on (ed. Haddad 143). One of the things Filipinos don’t know about Europeans, although they are multilingual, learned first in their own languages before learning English to deal with international affairs (Esposo 11). For example, in the Netherlands, it is important to be multilingual because of their relations with neighboring countries such as Germany. They have proved that there should be no argument between English and the national language, because multilingualism is the right choice (Tan, â€Å"Multilingual† A15). To effectively execute the program, the load is not only on students and teachers. Participation of parents and the community is a key parameter that is found to be present in programs that push for the mastery of multiple languages (Hernandez A13). Parents who are more used to the local language can monitor their children better, just as teachers in the same situation can (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 6). In accordance with DepEd Order No. 74, s. 2009, the community is requested to help provide learning aids in the vernacular, because it is the lack of materials that hinders the program from being executed correctly (Tubeza, DepEd shifts to mother tongue for grade school A5). Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education helps everyone be part of the learning process by integrating culture with education (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 6). Transferring and learning a second language is based on what the students can currently understand. Introducing them directly to a language not familiar to them would confuse their way of thinking, which is why a strong foundation in the mother tongue would help. With a strong foundation, children would be able to understand both languages and would find it easier to shift between the two (ed. Haddad 6), which is actually one of the program’s aims. The others are learning to value languages and cultures and enabling them to peacefully relate with people from different parts of the world, making them multi-literate, multi-lingual and multi-cultural learners (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 5). Ludwig Wittgenstein said, â€Å"The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. † (qtd. in David, A12) Knowing that the world outside the classroom is parallel with the lessons in school, a child can better understand and appreciate his or her surroundings. In his book Language and Nationalism: The Filipino Experience Thus Far, Gonzalez said that â€Å"[†¦] the Filipino will continue to be multilingual, at least, trilingual, using the local vernacular as the language of the home, Tagalog-based Pilipino as an urban lingua franca, and English as the language of commerce, legislation, government and international relations [†¦]. † (157) In continuing to be a multilingual people, the Filipinos should neither abandon nor exchange their mother language for another. When one loses his or her own language, the identity that binds the Filipino people is lost. This proves to be a problem for exclusively English-speaking Filipinos. There is difficulty in interacting with their fellow countrymen because they cannot speak the vernacular (Pimentel A16). â€Å"As we begin to appreciate the rhythms and cadences, the humor and wisdom, in each of our many languages, we just might be able to overcome out parochialism and regionalism and build a nation strong in its multicultural foundations. † (Tan, â€Å"Mother tongue† A15) The Filipino people should use the numerous languages they have to support a nation, wherever they may be. Second generation Filipinos, the children of Overseas Filipino Workers, may not speak the mother language of their parents, but they understand it. Maybe in the future they can use it, and they can be one with the Filipino culture. Like Fr. Facundo Mela said, â€Å"There is nothing like speaking in one’s mother tongue. † (A16) Learning other languages should not mean renouncing the mother language, because it is that language that connects one to the past. It is that language that connects one to the motherland.

Italy essays

Italy essays Italia. The land of fashion, food, fun, and beauty. When the Italian's call their land Belpaese, the beautiful country, they are not joking in the least. From the gorgeous Colosseum in Rome to vinyards in Sicily, there is never too much to see and take in in Italy. Italy became a nation state in 1861 when the city-states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor Emmanuel II. Parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920's when Benito Mussolini established fascist dictatorship and later formed an alliance with Nazi Germany that led to Italy's defeat in World War II. Later in 1946, democratic republic replaced monarchy and an economic revival then followed. Italy has been a charter member of NATO and European Economic Community (EEC) and in 1999 joined the European Monetary Union. Some persistant problems in Italy include illegal immigration, organized crimed, curruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and low incomes and technical standards of southern Italy compared to the prosperous north. Italy's boundaries are Austria, France, Holy See (Vatican City), San Marino, Slovenia, and Switzerland. This means there is a numerous amount of languages spoken in Italy, although Italian is the dominant language. Some others include German, French, Slovene, Croation, and Serbian. Italy is known as the worlds "living art gallery" where the rest of the world can thank the Italians for much great music, art, and literature. I'd encourage any one who ever has the chance to visit this remarkable country to do so at any oppurtunity. ...

Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Facts

Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Facts The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is the only known species of hummingbird to breed or even regularly reside in eastern North America. The breeding range of ruby-throated hummingbirds is the largest of all the species of hummingbirds in North America. Fast Facts: Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Scientific Name: Archilochus colubrisCommon Name: Ruby-throated hummingbirdBasic Animal Group: BirdSize:  2.8–3.5 inches in lengthWeight: 0.1–0.2 ouncesLifespan: 5.3 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat: Summers in eastern North America; winters in Central AmericaPopulation: Estimated 7 millionConservation Status: Least Concern Description Male and female ruby-throated hummingbirds differ in their appearance in several ways. Males are more vibrantly colored than females. Males have metallic emerald-green plumage on their back and metallic red feathers on their throat (this patch of feathers is referred to as a gorget). Females are duller in color, with less vibrant green feathers on their back and no red gorget, their throat and belly plumage is a dull grey or white. Young ruby-throated hummingbirds of both sexes resemble the plumage of adult females. Like all hummingbirds, ruby-throated hummingbirds have small feet that are not well suited to perching or hopping from branch to branch. For this reason, ruby-throated hummingbirds use flight as their primary means of locomotion. They are superb aerialists and are capable of hovering with wingbeat frequencies of up to 53 beats per second. They can fly in a straight line, up, down, backward, or hover in place. The flight feathers of ruby-throated hummingbirds include 10 full-length primary feathers, six secondary feathers, and 10 rectrices (the largest feathers used for flight). Ruby-throated hummingbirds are tiny birds, they weigh between about 0.1 and 0.2 ounces and measure between 2.8 to 3.5 inches in length. Their wingspan is about 3.1 to 4.3 inches wide. Larry Keller, Lititz Pa.  / Getty Images Habitat and Range This hummer breeds in the summertime, throughout the eastern United States and Canada. In the autumn, the birds migrate to their wintering grounds in Central America from northern Panama to southern Mexico, although some winter in parts of South Florida, the Carolinas, and along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana. They prefer habitats which have lots of flowers, such as fields, parks, backyards, and open clearings in forests. Migration round-trips can be as long as 1,000 miles. Migration patterns of ruby-throated hummingbirds vary: Some migrate between their breeding and wintering grounds by flying across the Gulf of Mexico while others follow the Mexican gulf coastline. Males start their migration before females and juveniles (males and females) follow on after the females. They migrate south between August and November, and north again between March and May. Diet and Behavior Ruby-throated hummingbirds feed primarily on nectar and small insects. They occasionally supplement their diet with tree sap if nectar is not readily available. When gathering nectar, ruby-throated hummingbirds prefer to feed on red or orange flowers such as red buckeye, trumpet creeper, and red morning glory. They often feed while hovering at the flower but also land to drink nectar from a conveniently located perch. Scientists have long been fascinated by the hummingbirds hovering flight. Unlike larger birds, they can perform sustained hovering as well as regular cruise flight and maneuvering. Like insects, they use a leading edge vortex over their wing surfaces to gain lift in the flight, but unlike insects, they can invert their wings at the wrist joint (insects do that with a pulse of muscles).   Reproduction and Offspring During the June–July breeding season, ruby-throated hummingbirds are highly territorial, behavior which is reduced during other times of the year. The size of the territories that males establish during the breeding season varies based on the availability of food. Males and females do not form a pair bond and remain together only during courtship and mating. Female ruby-throated hummers lay up to three broods a year, in groups of one–three eggs, most typically two, which hatch after 10–14 days. The mother continues to feed the chicks for another four to seven days, and the chicks fledge and leave the nest 18–22 days after hatching. Hummingbirds become sexually mature the next season about one year of age. Studio One-One/Getty Images Threats There are an estimated 7 million ruby-throated hummingbirds in the world, and they are classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System does not list them as endangered at all. However, continuing climate change affecting their migration patterns and those of related species may have impacts that are as yet unclear. Northern migration dates of ruby-throated hummingbirds have already been measurably impacted by global climate change, with warmer winter and spring temperatures correlating with earlier arrivals, especially at lower latitudes (below 41 degrees north, or generally south of Pennsylvania). In a 10-year study (2001–2010), the differences ranged from 11.4 to 18.2 days earlier in warmer years, leading to concerns about competition for food resources going forward. Sources Bertin, Robert I. The Ruby-Throated Hummingbird and Its Major Food Plants: Ranges, Flowering Phenology, and Migration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60.2 (1982): 210–19. Print.BirdLife International. Archilochus colubris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22688193A93186255, 2016.Courter, Jason R., et al. Assessing Migration of Ruby-Throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus Colubris) at Broad Spatial and Temporal Scales. The Auk: Ornithological Advances 130.1 (2013): 107–17. Print.Hilton, Bill, Jr., and Mark W. Miller. Annual Survival and Recruitment in a Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Population, Excluding the Effect of Transient Individuals. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 105.1 (2003): 54–62. Print.Kirschbaum, Kari, Marie S. Harris. and Robert Naumann. Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird). Animal Diversity Web, 2000.  Leberman, Robert C., Robert S. Mulvihill, and D. Scott Wood. A Possible Relationship between Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism an d Reduced Male Survivorship in the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 94.2 (1992): 480–89. Print. Song, Jialei, Haoxiang Luo, and L. Hedrick Tyson. Three-Dimensional Flow and Lift Characteristics of a Hovering Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11.98 (2014): 20140541. Print.Weidensaul, Scot et al. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2013.

Decision-Making Process, Communication Errors Coursework

Decision-Making Process, Communication Errors - Coursework Example Such reaction entails critical thinking. In addition, utilization of the nursing process aids the nurse in thinking and adopting priority steps for the sake of patient care. The nurse incorporates steeps of problem identification and assessment, coming up with goals and interventions to curb the problem, intervening and evaluating whether the goal were achieved to the best level. The goals must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. Proper decision-making improves the patient care, making it holistic and hence decreasing the hospital stay through quick recovery (Dowding & Thompson, 2013). Communication errors in nursing arise when there is inappropriate handing over between shifts. In such case, there is a breakage in the continuity of care provided to the patients. There is fragmentation of care and decreased satisfaction to the patient. The result is poor healing and over hospitalization leading to death. During reporting and handing over shifts, wrong information may be passed regarding certain patients. It has direct implications to the subsequent care. Wrong documentation impeaches the patient rights to have good care, and can lead to legal implications to the staff since it is a form of negligence. There is subsequent increase in the cost of care towards the patient side since he is receiving what he not supposed to receive (Zendejas, Ali, Huebner, & Farley,

Total S.A. Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Total S.A. Company - Essay Example The company’s upstream sector is seen to mainly consist of the company’s vast exploration projects for the production of natural gas and crude oil; this is done alongside various gas and electricity developmental activities and coal mining operations. TOTAL’s downstream unit is seen to mainly focus on trading of petroleum products, their marketing as well as refining operations while its chemical division is seen to include the production of various rubber products that are made by its Hutchinson subsidiary. The bulk of the rubber products produced by this subsidiary are usually mostly targeted at the automotive industry. Other chemical products that the company produces include resins, adhesives, inks and paints (Reuters, 2013). When the company was initially formed in 1924 after the first world war, it was initially named as compagnie Françse des PÃ ©troles. At the time of its formation , the French government considered the company as being of critical strategic importance in the event that there happened to be another war with Germany. After the war, the French secured a 25 percent stake in the by then fledgling Turkish Petroleum company whose shares were mostly held by Germany’s Deutsche Bank. ... He incorporated some parts of Orkem chemical group into Total’s various chemical operations. The chemical division was responsible for the production of resins, inks, paints and adhesives. At the time of his taking over the company’s chairmanship, Total company had slowly turned into a complexly organized, extremely bureaucratic and sleepy company and as a result, the company had inadvertently ceded its coveted position of being France’s largest oil company to its rival Elf Aquitaine. Serge managed to turn the company into an aggressive, more modern and sleeker company by abolishing and estimated over two hundred Total company subsidiaries as well as closing down about one-seventh of all of the company’s service stations network (company-Histories.com, 2013), this effectively resulted in the elimination of about 6.500 jobs and saved the oil company hundreds of millions of francs in various expenses. The company also formulated new strategies that helped it defocus its production form the more unstable Middle East and aimed to shift about 50 percent of all its production to areas outside the Middle East. By 1995, the insistence of Tchuruk on ensuring that the company ensured that it beefed up its gas business was instrumental in causing the company to become the world’s third largest gas producer (company-Histories.com, 2013). The company’s name was later changed to Total in the year 1991 when company became listed as a public company and commenced trading on the New Stock Exchange. Tchuruk played a critical role in convincing the French government to ensure that it reduced its direct share holding investment in the oil to 5.4% which was an important move that helped the company increase its own independence as well as its ability to act

Challenges and Opportunities for Evidence Based Practice

Challenges and Opportunities for Evidence Based Practice Introduction In recent years Evidence-based practice (EBP) has been advocating in nursing profession, however until now there still encounter many difficulties, conflict impact on evidence-based practice development. In this essay will be discussed the challenges and opportunities of future direction of evidence-based practice in nursing. EBP is a decision making approach introduction in 1992. Sackett et al. (1996) state that EBP is a best evidence method of health care decision making which means to integrate sources from research findings, clinical expertise and consideration of client preferences, clinical setting and other external factors such as cost. (as cited in Hewitt-Taylor, 2002). EBP is a scientific and systematic process rather than traditional approach such as customs, rituals and authority from transmission to improve quality and efficiency of patient outcome (Shaneyfelt et al. 2006). Challenges can be defined as barriers, difficulty during apply the evidence-based practice in nursing. Actually, there are many challenges of EBP development, in the article will try to divide into four types to discuss: Challenge of the nurse, Challenge of the clinical environment, Challenge of the research and Challenge of the organization. The part of opportunities is to analysis how to improve or diminish the gap between research evidence and clinical practice, and discuss the factors that help for the future direction of EBP in nursing. Challenges Challenge of the nurse, Challenge of the nurse relate to the nurses beliefs or attitude to EBP, lack of understanding, knowledge and skills of EBP. A recent study (Oranta, Routasalo Hupli, 2002) indicated nurses have divergence the value between research and practice; some nurses have conservative ideas that do not welcome change the nursing practice. The result reflect nurses have misunderstanding or negative attitude about evidence based care which may create wrong belief i.e. indifference or ignore the value of EBP. Nurse unawareness of research, are not familiar with EBP, and no sense improve the knowledge, not to mention to implement it in clinical care. (Hutchinson Johnston, 2004; Wang, Jiang, Wang, Wang Bai, 2013). Attitudes affect behavior, if nurse attitude remain unchanged, would increase degree of difficulty to carry out EBP in the future. Lack of skills implementation of EBP also a big challenge facing by nursing (Majid et al. 2010; Hutchinson Johnston, 2004). There are multiple components of EBP include asking suitable questions, selecting the best pertinent information, evaluating the evidence and integration of patient preference, research evidence etc in clinical decision making (Shaneyfelt et al. 2006). Nurse requests ability of integration and critical appraisal research skills i.e. information seeking, understand statistical terms, implementation to run through the EBP process. Provide education and training for EBP should be an important concern in the future for nurse. Challenge of the research Next challenge point related to research. Nurses always complain articles from journal are not readily available (Chau, Lopez Thompson, 2008; Gale Schaffer 2009; Wang et al. 2013). Actually findings from different research may not always have high level of reliability and validly, methodologies and presentation inadequacies or misconception may exist. Nurses probably feel confused and difficult to appraisal quality of findings, research reports are lengthy, include many academic, jargon terms and statistical analyses cause difficult to comprehension (Oranta, Routasalo Hupli, 2002). Furthermore, research finding usually not publishes fast enough and lack of guideline to implement in the clinical practice. Develop the research disseminate type to improve clinical utilization is a main direction in future, otherwise presentation of researches increase barrier to use finding in patient care, eventually obstruct EBP implementation. Challenge of the clinical environment Clinical environment seem to be a big challenge which absolute restrict nurse implementing EBP (Lee, 2003). Most studies (Hutchinson Johnston, 2004; Gale Schaffer 2009; Wang et al. 2013) stated that nurses have lack of time and heavy workload influences on utilization of research in practice setting. Take Hong Kong as an example, according to the survey conducted by Association of Hong Kong Nursing Staff at 2013, the average of nurse-patient ratio1:17 (normal: 1:4-6) in public hospitals, the bed occupancy rate is 92.9%. Nurses not only have daily heavy workload, also facing a serious shortage problem. Time and labour restrict and clinical safety concerns, nurse tend to use traditional practices and cannot keep frequently follow update journals during working (Hutchinson Johnston, 2004). The working environment resistant changing tried and definitely threats EBP utilization in future. Challenge of the organization EBP is a complex and multifaceted process, cannot apply by individual, administrative support is very important. However lack of organization support is the common complaint by nurses. According to Chau et al. (2008) and Hutchinson Johnston, (2004) the most important challenge of research utilization are lack of authority and no time to implement new ideas or involve research activity. These concerns related to the organization which include the setting barriers and limitations; e.g. time, resources, support and mentoring. Besides, conservative attitude of organization such as lack of intention in changes or welcome new ideas must influences EBP utilization (Gale Schaffer, 2009). It would limit the development of clinical practice to implement EBP and reduce the health care qualities. In addition, nurse indicated that corporation with other professionals also a barrier of EBP implementation (Oranta, Routasalo Hupli, 2002). Health care is a team working which involve many different professionals, such as physician, physiotherapist etc. during co-operation may cause differences of decision making. In traditional doctor has the most authority in clinical decision making, nurse advice may cause conflict or challenges by doctor. Therefore relationship between medical and nursing is also an organization related challenge of EBP utilization. Although there are many challenges of EBP in clinical utilization, challenges creates opportunities, the following part would analysis how to overcome some barriers between research evidence and clinical practice, and talk about the factors that relate to the future direction of EBP in nursing. Opportunities Firstly, upgrading of nursing education curriculum improve nurses’ professional status and research knowledge. Nursing students learn of EBP show more potential of ability on clinical decision making (Brown et al. 2010). Although the nursing programme in universities already include research skills teaching to implement evidence-based practice, transferring finding into clinical practice still a big problem for novice nurses. The curriculum should be included how to connect the EBP to the utilization, not just focus the part of research skills training. Besides, base on shortage of nurse, there are different kind of organizations provide nursing training such as nursing school, hospital nurse training courses, these courses more focus on clinical practice, but not include teaching EBP. At least the basic concept and skills of EBP should be educated in those courses which to improve knowledge of apply EBP into clinical practice. Second, solidarity and cooperation is also an opportunity to future direction of EBP. No matter clusters, hospitals or ward in Hong Kong tend to working independently and lack of co-ordinate with other. To provide EBP should include cooperate and sharing. The hospitals or clusters can form some research groups from different hospitals or wards; include senior and junior nurses to conduct research-related work. This kind of workshop would improve the stuffs ability to identify the clinical issues, review researches, analysis, promote to implement research finding or conduct research etc. eventually improve the quality of nursing care. Third relate to organization, the inferiors imitate the superiors; if the organization have positive attitude to motivate and reward EBP can raise the awareness to the staffs pay attention to EBP (Gale Schaffer, 2009). To improve future develop of EBP, organizational should be modified the nurse ratios. Provide more time and facilities to encourage nurse for discussing and applying research finding in clinical (Lee, 2003). Fourth, facing of decreasing birth rate, the elderly increasing inevitable, aging population already became a international problem, elderly care must pay more attention in nursing. Community services would be a big tendency and increase outreach services and day care services nursing care. Communities’ services for example community nurse and Nursing Clinic also help to relive the treatment cost, reduce stress and workload of front line nurse and bed occupancy rate. This situation closely relate to EBP because the role of nurses become more arduous and specialization, the case nurse provide professional health care services with integration, multifunction should have both evidence and knowledge to support the practice and patient outcome. The phenomenon provides opportunity to EBP to walk out the hospitals and integrate into the communities. Fifth, in the future nurses implement EBP may not just focus on Western medicine, also include Chinese medicine. In current years, popularity of Chinese medicine increasing in Hong Kong, most elderly tend to use Chinese treatment such as acupuncture, qigong diet regimen. Chinese medicine research and the utilization on clinical should be part of concern in EBP when making decision. As favorable condition of geography and culture in Hong Kong, combine Chinese and Western medicine would be a tendency, as a nurse should have the knowledge integration and application in clinical care. In conclude EBP utilization provide a more scientific method to the clinical decision making lead to improve and maintain health care quality, it is definitely the general direction in nursing future development. Base on the restrictive of policies and environment, working environment and organization seems to be two bigger challenges of EBP utilization. Although there are many challenges of EBP, different limitations from nursing and the external environment such as aging population, Chinese medication become more popularity etc provide some opportunities to indicate the future direction of EBP. Nursing profession need to sensitive to those factors, then appropriate to develop or improve, probably reduce the gap between clinical practice and EBP, also may provide a new direction for EBP in nursing utilization.

Rasta

Shaquille T. Sailsman Literature and Composition March 26,2013 Rastafarianism The Rastafarian religion has many different elements. These elements include: history, beliefs, customs/culture, celebrations, and worshipping. Rastafarians believe in the divine nature of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, whose title before his coronation of 1930 who Ras Tafari (Prince of the House of Tafari). The name Haile Selassie means â€Å"Power of Trinity. † He was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930-1974. Haile Selassie never regarded himself as God, nor did he adhere to Rastafari.According to iconn. org, Rastafarians regard Haile Selassie I as God because Marcus Garvey’s prophecy – â€Å"Look to Africa where a black king shall be crowned, he shall be the Redeemer† – was swiftly followed by the ascension of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia. Haile Selassie I is regarded by Rastafarians as the God of the black race. The Rastafarian religion began in Jamaica i n the 1930s. The religion was formed after periods of slavery. Rastafarians regarded Jamaica as hell and Ethiopia as heaven.Rastafarians called Jamaica hell because Africans were divided up and sent to destinations throughout the world, in most cases as slaves to whites. This is why many Africans found themselves in Jamaica. Ethiopia, the homeland, was seen as a place of fond memories of freedom and life prior to oppression. This meant it eventually became regarded as heaven. â€Å"Rastafarians believes Jah (God) lives on in some form, and believes that one day he will bring about the return of all black people to their ancestral home in Africa,† (Breuilly, O’Brien, Palmer, 152).When Rastafarians have kids, they raise their kids to believe in Jah and after a certain age they should be able to identify who he is. They are also raised to believe that one day he will be raised from the dead and bring them back to Africa, their supposed homeland. Rastafarians dedicate them selves to preparing for this homecoming, growing closer to Jah, (Breuilly, O’Brien, Palmer). They do this by cultivating peace and harmony with all and by living in a way that is close to nature, mimicking Jah.Another way Rastas try to mimic Jah is by rejecting practices introduced from white culture, which is symbolically called â€Å"Babylon. † The culture of Rastafarian is to condemn the eating of meat. They are all vegetarians. In order to spiritually grow as a person, meat has to be gradually eliminated from the diet. According to www. iconn. org, â€Å"the main reason Rastafarians don't eat meat is because animals try so hard to get away. The fear of the animals can be seen in their eyes.It is evident that they are begging for mercy. Rastafarians will have to show mercy. Within the book of genesis, the LORD gave man dominion over animals. It was not to eat them but to care for them. † An efficient healthy body is very basic. The Rastafarian's diet is desig ned to meet their personal needs. The Rastafarian's food is normally referred to as ital food within the Rastafarian culture. The most traditional way to know a Rastafarian is by their dreadlocks. Some people may wear their hair the Rastafarian way – dreadlocks – without being committed to Rastafarian belief or lifestyle, while many believers feel obligated to abandon the traditional hairstyles for the sake of gaining or remaining in employment,† (Breuilly, O’Brien, Palmer, 152). Rastas wear dreadlocks because they do not believe in cutting or combing their hair. It is also the way some ancient African priests and Israelites wore their hair. Sometimes you see a green, red and yellow colored hat over a Rasta's hair. These are the colors of the flag of Ethiopia.Rastas also wear a turban, which is a headband based on cloth winding, over their head to protect and keep their dreadlocks clean. According to www. iconn. org, the holy herb, or known to most as mari juana or ganja, is used in all major Rastafarian celebrations to enhance feelings of peace and community, aid meditation and inspire religious visions. There has often been controversy concerning the legalization of marijuana. Rastafarians are perhaps best known for their religious use of marijuana, which grows plentifully in Jamaica. In addition to ritual use, Rastas also use marijuana for medicinal purposes, applying it o a variety of ailments including colds. Many followers also believe that marijuana aids in the worship of God, Bible study, and meditation. Although not all Rastafarians use marijuana, most believe it will bring a person closer to God. Reggae music originated as an important part of Rastafarian celebrations – asserting the pride and dignity of black people, rejection of white oppression, the beauty of Africa and visions of a peaceful future. Reggae music is intimately connected to Rastafari and its lyrics often speak of oppression, poverty, slavery, aparthe id and human rights.One of the most important figures in trying to spread reggae music was Bob Marley. Born Nesta Robert Marley (1974–1981), he remains the most widely known and the best-selling performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience. A Nyabingi ceremony brings together believers from a wider area, and often last from several days. At these ceremonies, there are chanting, drumming, singing, praying, and dancing as well as shaving of vegetarian food and smoking of marijuana.Some occasions for a Nyabingi are based on the Julian calendar used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; with the Rastafarian faith has strong links. Holy days and holidays are periods of solemn times for the Rastafarian community worldwide. The Holy days are to pray and ask for penance, fulfilling 2 Chronicles 7v14, â€Å"If my people who are called by my name, will humble themselves and pray, search for me and rep ent of their evil ways, then I will hear from heaven and forgive their sins and heal their land. † (Himchurch. org).Some Rastafarian celebrations includes: Ethiopian New Year – Sept 11th (represents a holiday, which is, observed with a short Prayer Service from 10am-11am), Christmas Day – Jan. 7th (Rastafarians observed this as a holiday), Haile Selassie’s Birthday – July 23rd, and the Anniversary of his coronation – Nov. 2nd, (Breuilly, O’Brien, Palmer, 153). Influential prophets and teachers may also be commemorated, but there is no official festival calendar. Rastafarians do not have a specific religious building that is set aside for worshipping.They usually meet weekly, either in a believers’ home or in a community center. The meetings are referred to as Reasoning Sessions. They provide a time for chants, prayers and singing, and for communal issues to be discussed. Marijuana may be smoked to produce heightened spiritual st ates. The music used at these meetings is known as Nyabingi, and so when meetings are mostly musical they are often referred to as Nyabingi meetings. Meetings may also include large feasts. Rastafarians lay great stress on individual bible study and interpretation. Rasta Shaquille T. Sailsman Literature and Composition March 26,2013 Rastafarianism The Rastafarian religion has many different elements. These elements include: history, beliefs, customs/culture, celebrations, and worshipping. Rastafarians believe in the divine nature of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, whose title before his coronation of 1930 who Ras Tafari (Prince of the House of Tafari). The name Haile Selassie means â€Å"Power of Trinity. † He was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930-1974. Haile Selassie never regarded himself as God, nor did he adhere to Rastafari.According to iconn. org, Rastafarians regard Haile Selassie I as God because Marcus Garvey’s prophecy – â€Å"Look to Africa where a black king shall be crowned, he shall be the Redeemer† – was swiftly followed by the ascension of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia. Haile Selassie I is regarded by Rastafarians as the God of the black race. The Rastafarian religion began in Jamaica i n the 1930s. The religion was formed after periods of slavery. Rastafarians regarded Jamaica as hell and Ethiopia as heaven.Rastafarians called Jamaica hell because Africans were divided up and sent to destinations throughout the world, in most cases as slaves to whites. This is why many Africans found themselves in Jamaica. Ethiopia, the homeland, was seen as a place of fond memories of freedom and life prior to oppression. This meant it eventually became regarded as heaven. â€Å"Rastafarians believes Jah (God) lives on in some form, and believes that one day he will bring about the return of all black people to their ancestral home in Africa,† (Breuilly, O’Brien, Palmer, 152).When Rastafarians have kids, they raise their kids to believe in Jah and after a certain age they should be able to identify who he is. They are also raised to believe that one day he will be raised from the dead and bring them back to Africa, their supposed homeland. Rastafarians dedicate them selves to preparing for this homecoming, growing closer to Jah, (Breuilly, O’Brien, Palmer). They do this by cultivating peace and harmony with all and by living in a way that is close to nature, mimicking Jah.Another way Rastas try to mimic Jah is by rejecting practices introduced from white culture, which is symbolically called â€Å"Babylon. † The culture of Rastafarian is to condemn the eating of meat. They are all vegetarians. In order to spiritually grow as a person, meat has to be gradually eliminated from the diet. According to www. iconn. org, â€Å"the main reason Rastafarians don't eat meat is because animals try so hard to get away. The fear of the animals can be seen in their eyes.It is evident that they are begging for mercy. Rastafarians will have to show mercy. Within the book of genesis, the LORD gave man dominion over animals. It was not to eat them but to care for them. † An efficient healthy body is very basic. The Rastafarian's diet is desig ned to meet their personal needs. The Rastafarian's food is normally referred to as ital food within the Rastafarian culture. The most traditional way to know a Rastafarian is by their dreadlocks. Some people may wear their hair the Rastafarian way – dreadlocks – without being committed to Rastafarian belief or lifestyle, while many believers feel obligated to abandon the traditional hairstyles for the sake of gaining or remaining in employment,† (Breuilly, O’Brien, Palmer, 152). Rastas wear dreadlocks because they do not believe in cutting or combing their hair. It is also the way some ancient African priests and Israelites wore their hair. Sometimes you see a green, red and yellow colored hat over a Rasta's hair. These are the colors of the flag of Ethiopia.Rastas also wear a turban, which is a headband based on cloth winding, over their head to protect and keep their dreadlocks clean. According to www. iconn. org, the holy herb, or known to most as mari juana or ganja, is used in all major Rastafarian celebrations to enhance feelings of peace and community, aid meditation and inspire religious visions. There has often been controversy concerning the legalization of marijuana. Rastafarians are perhaps best known for their religious use of marijuana, which grows plentifully in Jamaica. In addition to ritual use, Rastas also use marijuana for medicinal purposes, applying it o a variety of ailments including colds. Many followers also believe that marijuana aids in the worship of God, Bible study, and meditation. Although not all Rastafarians use marijuana, most believe it will bring a person closer to God. Reggae music originated as an important part of Rastafarian celebrations – asserting the pride and dignity of black people, rejection of white oppression, the beauty of Africa and visions of a peaceful future. Reggae music is intimately connected to Rastafari and its lyrics often speak of oppression, poverty, slavery, aparthe id and human rights.One of the most important figures in trying to spread reggae music was Bob Marley. Born Nesta Robert Marley (1974–1981), he remains the most widely known and the best-selling performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience. A Nyabingi ceremony brings together believers from a wider area, and often last from several days. At these ceremonies, there are chanting, drumming, singing, praying, and dancing as well as shaving of vegetarian food and smoking of marijuana.Some occasions for a Nyabingi are based on the Julian calendar used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; with the Rastafarian faith has strong links. Holy days and holidays are periods of solemn times for the Rastafarian community worldwide. The Holy days are to pray and ask for penance, fulfilling 2 Chronicles 7v14, â€Å"If my people who are called by my name, will humble themselves and pray, search for me and rep ent of their evil ways, then I will hear from heaven and forgive their sins and heal their land. † (Himchurch. org).Some Rastafarian celebrations includes: Ethiopian New Year – Sept 11th (represents a holiday, which is, observed with a short Prayer Service from 10am-11am), Christmas Day – Jan. 7th (Rastafarians observed this as a holiday), Haile Selassie’s Birthday – July 23rd, and the Anniversary of his coronation – Nov. 2nd, (Breuilly, O’Brien, Palmer, 153). Influential prophets and teachers may also be commemorated, but there is no official festival calendar. Rastafarians do not have a specific religious building that is set aside for worshipping.They usually meet weekly, either in a believers’ home or in a community center. The meetings are referred to as Reasoning Sessions. They provide a time for chants, prayers and singing, and for communal issues to be discussed. Marijuana may be smoked to produce heightened spiritual st ates. The music used at these meetings is known as Nyabingi, and so when meetings are mostly musical they are often referred to as Nyabingi meetings. Meetings may also include large feasts. Rastafarians lay great stress on individual bible study and interpretation.