Hpv And Oral Cancer Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

One individual dies from unwritten malignant neoplastic disease every hr of every twenty-four hours. Oral malignant neoplastic disease is the 5th most common malignant neoplastic disease in the universe with over 450,000 instances diagnosed worldwide and over 210,000 deceases happening yearly. ( Peter KC Goon1, 2009 ) In the yesteryear, the largest causes of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases were smoking, smokeless baccy, and intoxicant. We will write a custom essay sample on Hpv And Oral Cancer Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the addition in smoking instruction and a decrease in the figure of people who smoke, certain caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases, such as voice box malignant neoplastic diseases, have decreased. However, there has been no decrease in the incidence of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases overall. In fact, tumours in the unwritten pit, chiefly the lingua and tonsils, have risen among immature work forces and adult females at a rate of around 3 % yearly. Those rates jumped to 11 % each of the last two old ages, the bulk of which is male. At this rate of growing, the figure of people diagnosed with unwritten malignant neoplastic disease will transcend the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease diagnosed yearly in the following decennary. ( Jimeno, 2010 ) What is surprising is that the cause of the addition in unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases is due to the virus that cause cervical malignant neoplastic disease and until late was considered a adult female ‘s disease. Fortunately, many of these new instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease can be avoided with compulsory and cosmopolitan vaccinums that have already been approved by the FDA, with early sensing, through public outreach plans, and most significantly, by speaking with our kids about sex The virus driving this upseting tendency in unwritten malignant neoplastic disease is the Human Papillomavirus or HPV. HPV is the most common sexually familial infection in the United States ( The Ohio State University, 2010 ) . There are approximately 100 different strains of HPV, with 60 % of them doing common warts and 40 % that are mucosal. HPV16 and 18 are both mucosal, and are deemed high hazard in the development of cancerous lesions, and are responsible for 95 % of all cervical malignant neoplastic diseases. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, HPV is responsible for over 500,000 new instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease each twelvemonth and claims over 250,000 lives worldwide. It is estimated that HPV is present in three quarters of all adult females by the clip they are 50 ( National Conference of State Legislatures, 2010 ) . It takes about two old ages for a organic structure to acquire rid of the HPV virus and most people have no sick effects or symptoms of the virus, while others will develop malignant neoplastic disease. Recent surveies reveal that over 80 % of the tumours found in freshly diagnosed oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease patients are due to HPV16 and all are squamous cell carcinomas. This extremely aggressive strain of the virus is now the taking cause of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases, exceling malignant neoplastic diseases caused by baccy and intoxicant combined. ( Swanson, 2010 ) These freshly diagnosed instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases caused by the HPV virus are chiefly happening in the base of the lingua, which is the portion that starts at the dorsum of the pharynx and continues toward the gorge, and in the tonsils. Surveies have proven that HPV16 ‘s primary agencies of transmittal is through unwritten venereal sex, although current research is concentrating on other agencies of transmittal, including caressing and sharing drinks. Once a individual has been exposed to the virus, it can take between 20 and 30 old ages for the development of HPV related unwritten malignant neoplastic disease ( Chustecka, 2010 ) . One oncologist has said that there â€Å" is an epidemic, about a pandemic, of unknown proportion†¦ , † in respects to the figure of new patients that he is now handling with caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV. The demographic for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease patients has changed over recent old ages every bit good. Prior to 2003, the bulk of these types of malignant neoplastic diseases were found in older work forces in their 60s and 70 ‘s that have a long history of smoke and imbibing intoxicant. However, these traditional hazard factors no longer use. These yearss, the archetypal patient most at hazard are Caucasic work forces and adult females in their 40s and 50s, many which have ne’er smoked coffin nails or drank intoxicant merely on rare occasions. They do nevertheless hold other high hazard factors derived from sexual patterns, chiefly a high figure of sexual spouses, or a history of unwritten genital or unwritten anal sex. To understand this recent epidemic, past sexual behaviours have to be analyzed. During the late sixties and 70s, a sexual revolution of kinds occurred. It was a clip of sexual promiscuousness and rebellion against the norms of society. Monogamy represented repression. Sexual activity with many different spouses no longer held stigmata and unwritten sex became more widely practiced. Surveies show that since the 1960s, more than 80 % of the population now engages in unwritten sex. In comparing, merely 30 % of people born prior to 1950 hold engaged in unwritten sex. ( Manier, 2008 ) With the debut of AIDS in the late 80 ‘s, sexual attitudes began to alter. Education attempts doubled and parents began once more learning their kids about abstention and â€Å" safe sex. † In the 90s, under the instructions of Bill Clinton, unwritten sex was no longer considered sex. Oral sex rates skyrocketed because it had become much more acceptable to teens and to society as a much less hazardous option. However, the hazard factor for undertaking unwritten HPV grows in direct proportion to the figure of unwritten sex spouse a individual has. If a individual has more than five but less than 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time, there is a 250 % addition in the opportunities of developing unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. That rate rises to 750 % if a individual has over 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time ( Newswire, 2010 ) . For old ages, physicians have advocated one-year Pap vilification for adult females in hopes of cut downing the figure of patients that develop cervical malignant neoplastic disease caused by the HPV virus, by catching it in its pre-cancerous phase. Unfortunately, there are no trials available for work forces. Research attempts are under manner to develop new tools for usage by tooth doctors for early sensing of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Thymine he job with some of these trials is the tumours are chiefly happening in countries non viewable by the bare oculus, in the tonsils and in the base of the lingua. Oral rinses would besides be uneffective for those same grounds. In 2007, the FDA approved a vaccinum, Gardisil, which would protect against both the virus that causes venereal warts and against the strain responsible for cervical malignant neoplastic disease. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ( ACIP ) recommends Gardisil for misss ages 9 to 26 in hopes of diminishing the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic diseases diagnosed each twelvemonth. The FDA besides approved this same vaccinum for usage in male childs every bit good. In October 2009, the ACIP heard grounds sing the efficaciousness of the vaccinum in males every bit good as the costs associated with adding males to an all female vaccinum. The information presented to the Immunization Work Group was uncomplete because the informations sing HPV and its relation to unwritten malignant neoplastic disease, anal malignant neoplastic disease and penial malignant neoplastic disease was non included. The information presented to the work group contained statistics through 2003 and hence out-of-date, as the figure of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases has increased over 30 % since that clip. After much argument, the work group approved a declaration to add the vaccinum as a permissive vaccinum for males aged nine to 16 for the intervention of venereal warts, alternatively of a recommended vaccinum to protect against both strains ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . Under a permissive recommendation, a supplier is non required to offer the vaccinum to his patients but must immunize if the parent or kid petitions the vaccinum. In add-on, private insurance will non cover the cost of the vaccinum and immunisation plans will non advance the recommendation ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . The determination to do the vaccinum permissive in males, alternatively of recommended, was based on the cost per quality adjusted life twelvemonth. To be cost effectual, a vaccinum should be less than $ 50,000 per QAL. The theoretical accounts presented to the IACP reflected a QAL over $ 100,000. These figures are non accurate because the theoretical accounts have uncomplete informations. For case, the theoretical accounts did non include all malignant neoplastic diseases that can be treated with the HPV vaccinum, merely on the strains that cause venereal warts. In add-on, the theoretical accounts were based on high inoculation rates of over 75 % in misss. Presently the inoculation rate is around 30 % . The consensus of many in the medical community is that high inoculation rates in eligible misss will contradict the demand to immunize male childs. This goes against grounds turn outing work forces and adult females have similar prevalence of the disease, and work forces have a higher acquisition rate of the virus ( Silverman, 2010 ) . Even though, with the current rate of inoculation being so low, it would do sense to urge the inoculation universally for both sexes. A cost analysis theoretical account that included the informations through 2002 but adjusted the malignant neoplastic disease rates to include all HPV malignant neoplastic diseases the vaccinum would protect against, places the QAL around $ 24,000. With the significant addition in the figure of instances in recent old ages, that sum is now even less. Either manner, the QAL falls good under the gilded criterion needed for inclusion into a national inoculation plan and would do better usage of the resources available. There has been much research by top universities and oncologists go forthing small room for argument on the correlativity of HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases in work forces, every bit good as anal and penial malignant neoplastic diseases. Despite all of the information that has been, made populace since 1998 when the nexus was foremost discovered, the Centers for Disease Control has yet to acknowledge HPV as a beginning taking to unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Public consciousness runs have started in little bunchs in the United States, but they are missing when it comes to acquiring the word out. Because of this, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases are non caught in their early phases but instead in their late phases, and this histories for the really high decease rate of about 45 % at five old ages from diagnosing, and high intervention related morbidity in subsisters. Finding these malignant neoplastic diseases in an early phase greatly improves the opportunities of endurance. Ironically, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV have a much higher rate of success than non-HPV malignant neoplastic diseases. Much of the medical community, like the populace, is non cognizant of the correlativity of unwritten sex, HPV16, and caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore, life salvaging showings are under utilised and inoculation recommendations are ignored. Despite the addition in Numberss, there is small to no public consciousness of the association between HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. In a recent European broad survey, 75 % of the respondents were unfamiliar with the term caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease while 81 % of work forces in the US were unfamiliar with HPV ( Paul L Reiter, 2009 ) . There are enterprises in topographic point to assist increase cognition about caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases. The sawbones general ‘s one-year study in 2010 focused merely on unwritten wellness this past twelvemonth, a first for this type of study. Testing protocols for tumours are in topographic point. The word is get downing to distribute but its slow traveling. Celebrities who have suffered caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease, such as Roger Ebert, are talking out about their ordeal, which can help in public consciousness, since famous person patients garner more attending than regular patients do. Screening devices are easy being developed that will help in placing these types of malignant neoplastic diseases early on. However, the biggest obstruction in cut downing the Numberss is still instruction. Our medical community must be made cognizant of the HPV connexion. In fact, the ADA merely released guidelines sing testing for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases but recommends tooth doctors to pay close attending to their patients with a history of smoke or imbibing, and no reference of HPV. Medical forces need to be trained on what to look for: a new ball or a sore pharynx that does non travel off, gruffness, a hurting or tintinnabulation in the ear, oral cavity hurting or white spots or sores in the oral cavity, fistula infections that do n’t react to antibiotics, upper jaw hurting, nose bleeds, and trouble external respiration or swallowing. In my household, the malignant neoplastic disease had spread to the lymph nodes and the first mark was a ball located on the cervix, but this occurs after the malignant neoplastic disease has metastasized into the lymph nodes, which is considered late phases of the disease. There besides lies a great trade of conflicting information on the web, including the CDC and WHO, that minimize the effects of HPV and developing oropharyngeal or other malignant neoplastic diseases. The disease is non acquiring the regard it deserves. We must besides educate through unfastened treatment with our kids, that unwritten sex is non safe sex if we hope to halt this epidemic. Sexual activity instruction has to include the dangers of multiple unwritten sex spouses and the high rates of transmittal of the virus. A 2007 study of undergraduate college pupils found that most immature grownups agree penile-vaginal intercourse is sex, but less than one in five think that oral-genital contact counts as â€Å" holding sex, † ( Stacy, April ) . Mouth rubbers or dikes are available and should be handed out like regular rubbers with instructions as to how to utilize them. Adults must besides be educated about the dangers of HPV and about showings for early sensing. The stigmata that this is merely a adult female ‘s disease or a disease found chiefly in the homosexual community must be erased. One of the ways to assist is to talk out to friends and household and portion the information. This deathly slayer must non be kept soundless any longer. One individual dies every hr from caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Our voices can go our arm in distributing consciousness. We must educate our kids and other friends and household about the dangers of HPV. Vaccines could be really good but the IACP must be supplied with current information so that current recommendations for the HPV vaccinum can be reviewed. If the current vaccinum is given before exposure to the virus, a big figure of HPV-positive instances of oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease can be prevented. Last, early sensing testing systems must be developed that can observe this unobserved malignant neoplastic diseases before it is excessively late. 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The Most Important Element of Music Essay Example For Students

The Most Important Element of Music Essay Tune is defined as a series of additive events or sequence. without other concomitant or playing with simultaneousness with other additive events. This consequences when there are altering forms applied in an interacting manner. Tune is the most noticeable portion of a musical composing. and is normally retained in the heads of the hearers one time heard. It is besides mentioned that it gives a piece of music the profusion and character. The term tune is interchanged with â€Å"tune† ( Classic Cat 2006 ) . Tune is the most of import constituent or component in a musical composing. Without the tune. all other constituents can non be. Simply. it is the footing of the other constituents. the foundation. and the construction. This is non to state that all other musical constituents ( beat. signifier. and harmoniousness ) are non of import. of class they contribute to the pleasant sound and the enjoyment that the type of music may exercise on the hearer. The other constituents may be modified by an organizer. but the tune itself is the individuality of the vocal. and when the tune is changed. it can already be considered as a new vocal or musical composing. For musicians. some may state that it is still the concomitant that beautifies music. But so. since most of music today that bulk of the hearers patronize are vocals uniting all the musical elements. I can state that tune can stand entirely. It can be observed to a broad assortment of music lovers that they can sing the vocals every bit long as they know the tune. even without the instruments being played. With this. since all music. including an orchestra. have their ain tunes to follow. we can reason that all sorts of music can non be without the selected component. There is no specific piece that would absolutely depict the usage of tune. since all music as mentioned earlier have tunes or melodies to follow. Example would be choral pieces composed of four voices: the soprano. the alto. the tenor. and the bass. Give a single-channel choral piece wherein all sing similar wordss at a clip. when the soprano which normally handles the tune is removed. what consequences would be an awkward blending or harmoniousness. The signifier may besides be destroyed when the tune is removed. since for a Renaissance music. fundamentally all voices have their ain tunes to follow but on a different timing. Plants Cited Authoritative Cat. ( 2006 ) . Tune. Retrieved August 3. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. classiccat. net/dictionary/melody. htm

MTB-MLE in Philippine Education free essay sample

President Benigno S. Aquino’s education agenda states the following regarding language in the curriculum: â€Å"’to use English to connect with the world, to use Filipino to connect to our country and the mother tongue to connect with our heritage. ’† (Gunigundo A9) How are these attitudes imbibed by today’s Filipino youth? This is where Mother tongue-based learning comes in. Mother tongue-based learning, also known as Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE), uses more than two languages as a medium of instruction. It is grounded on making children literate in their first language or L1. They are only taught Filipino and English when they have mastered their first language. When they are used to Filipino and English, the abilities and lessons they acquired in L1 can be used in their secondary languages (Nolasco, â€Å"Why children learn better while using mother tongue† A13). Its main objective is for children to learn basic skills in their regional language prior to learning in their L2 (Quismundo A10). We will write a custom essay sample on MTB-MLE in Philippine Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Students learn and understand better when the medium of instruction is the language they are most exposed to, the language they know the best (â€Å"Why the ‘English bill’ is tantamount to national suicide† 9). Thus, the mother tongue-based learning program should be implemented in Philippine provinces to improve the primary foundation for education. Experiments on the implementation of Mother tongue-based learning programs have been around for over 60 years. It was first implemented in Iloilo in 1948, when Hiligaynon was made the medium of instruction. Two years later, it was found that learners under the program did better than those who were taught in only English. The next trial was the Rizal Experiment of 1960, which proved that the more a student is exposed to a language, the more capable he or she will be at using it in the future. Around 25 years later, the First Language Component-Bridging Program (FLC-BP) attested that students given proper transition from their first language to English and Filipino, their secondary languages, excel more than those who are immediately taught in English and Filipino. Then, in 1999, under Lingua Franca project, two sets of groups were observed: The experimental groups which used Ilocano, Cebuano and Tagalog were used as a medium of instruction, and the control groups which used English and Filipino. At the end of the second year, it was found that the experimental groups averaged higher scores than the control groups did (Quijano). With all these studies and experimentations, it is evident that the choice of the language for instruction is a pressing issue for Filipinos. Students cannot fully comprehend what is being taught because the medium of instruction is not a language they are familiar with (Nolasco, â€Å"’Language Martyrs’† n. p. ). According to Tarra Quismundo (A10), one of the reasons why students drop out of school is because the medium of instruction used is a language they don’t understand. How will students be able to take part in class discussions and such when they are unable to comprehend what is going on? Because these issues are not given an immediate response, there are at present, an estimated 221 million children around the world who choose not to attend school (Ndaruhutse). When a child is allowed to use his or her own language, expression becomes easier. With Multilingual Education (MLE), children are enabled to voice out their thoughts and opinions, making them part of the learning process (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 6). If a child cannot effectively express his or her thoughts, he or she will end up either questioning his or her surroundings or merely go with the flow (Tubeza, â€Å"Local dialects key to global success† A6). Aside from students, the mother tongue-based learning program would benefit teachers as well. â€Å"No less than former Department of Education Secretary Butch Abad revealed a year or two ago that easily 70 percent of public school teachers are incapable of communicating effectively in English. [†¦] It is the most basic principle of management that objective and strategy must equate with the reality of available means. † (â€Å"Why the ‘English bill’ is tantamount to national suicide† 9) When teachers are restricted to teaching with a language they cannot fully grasp, it can lead to detrimental effects for the students. With this program, teachers would be more effective, especially if they are more accustomed to the local language. In teaching with the vernacular, they would be enabled to relate to students better in class (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 6). According to Valenzuela Representative Magtanggol Gunigundo, in Valenzuela, only 13 percent of Filipino examinees got a particular question in the 2003 Trends in International math and Science Studies (TIMSS) right. A further study showed that when selected items were simplified into Filipino, top students of the lower grade scored higher than the top students in the higher grade that took the original test (A9). When the program was tested In Mindanao, there was a significant rise seen in the average National Achievement Test (NAT) scores of Manobo students who were under the Culture-Responsible Curriculum for Indigenous People-Third Elementary Educational Project (CCIP-TEEP). These students were first taught in Minanubu, then later on introduced to English and Filipino (Quijano). Results like these have motivated Rep. Gunigundo himself to propose a bill to the House of Representatives that pushes for multilingual education. This bill encourages the use of the native language during the primary years of education, and requires the provision of proper transition to English and Filipino as the child progresses to higher levels. It promotes the mother language, at the same time, it does not demean English or Filipino (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 17-18). The Department of Education has also taken some measures to address the need for mother tongue-based learning. In DepEd Order No. 60, s. 2008, the Department of Education acknowledged that mother tongue-based learning is the best way to provide proper transition from a child’s first language to the second, creating a proper foundation for education (Quijano). In June 2009, the 30-year-old bilingual policy was replaced. Then DepEd secretary Jesli Lapus signed Order No. 74, s. 2009, in support of Rep. Gunigundo’s bill, to implement Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education as the new teaching strategy for primary education (Tubeza, â€Å"DepEd shifts to mother tongue for grade school† A5). However, basic education in the Philippines will not be automatically better with the implementation of the Mother Tongue-based learning program (Martin, â€Å"The MTB-MLE Express: unstoppable† A15). In a recent Presidential Policy Forum, Manuel Villar Jr. , Sen. Richard Gordon and Gilbert Teodoro all said that English should be the medium of instruction for primary and elementary. Villar said that English and Filipino should be implemented in school for the nation’s progress, while Teodoro said that English should be taught in preschool to avoid difficulty in learning it at a later age (Mendez 2). Making English the lingua franca would benefit those who aim for global careers (David A12), like Filipino seafarers who have the advantage of knowing how to speak in English unlike the Chinese and Koreans, who are the country’s competitors in the business. But focusing on English alone can lead to the loss of other job opportunities. It could end up with Filipinos striving superficial jobs such as those in the call center market (Tan, â€Å"Multilingual† A15). Despite research on the MLE program showing that students learn better with their mother tongue, the House of Representatives still is still insisting on using English as the medium of instruction (Nolasco, â€Å"FIND ME PLEASE† n. p. ). There is a pending â€Å"English Bill† that â€Å"[†¦] Cebu Representative Eduardo Gullas proudly pushes [†¦] by saying ‘Mounting global unemployment [†¦] underscored the need for our human resources to be proficient in English – the world’s lingua franca – in order to stay highly competitive in the job markets here and abroad. ’† (â€Å"Why the ‘English bill’ is tantamount to national suicide† 9) With this bill, mother languages are sacrificed in favor of English and Filipino (Tan, â€Å"Mother tongue† A15). One of the reasons why English is still being pushed to be the medium of instruction because people remember how effective American education was during the American occupation, when in reality, it was mostly the upper class Filipinos who were able to graduate and attain a degree (Nolasco, â€Å"’Language Martyrs’† n. p. ). If students are taught using only English, the elitist traits of the Filipino people will be highlighted (Esposo 11). Filipinos fail to realize that using English is not for people in all social classes. Instead, they assume that everyone can speak it perfectly (Tan, â€Å"’Mother Tongue’† A15). Instead of waiting for the government decision on the permanent medium of instruction, some Filipinos have already opted to put their children in schools with a multilingual curriculum (Tan, â€Å"Mother tongue† A15). An Ateneo de Manila University graduate, James Soriano (A16), recently wrote an article that was published in the Manila Bulletin, and later on, the Philippine Daily Inquirer. The article talked about how he referred to Filipino as â€Å"the language of the streets†. He said: [ ] Filipino was a chore, [†¦] it was not the language of learning. [†¦] We used to think learning Filipino was important because it was practical: Filipino was the language of the world outside the classroom. It was the language of the streets. [†¦] Only recently have I begun to grasp Filipino as the language of identity: the language of emotion, experience and even of learning. [†¦] It might have the capacity to be the language of learning, but it is not the language of the learned. [†¦] I may be disconnected from my being Filipino, but with a tongue of privilege, I will always have my connections. [†¦] This article sparked a lot of controversy, with different people writing to newspapers with their own thoughts on the article and on the language itself. Many said that because of James Soriano’s article, the youth has given importance to the language again. They have realized the role and impact a language can have on Philippine culture and on the country itself (Pimentel A16). Others said that his real intentions were to make Filipinos understand the magnitude of the language, especially since the article first came out during the month Filipino is honored (Estoya A16). Since the Philippines is a very linguistically diverse country, with over 150 languages to date (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 7), there have been many trials on multilingual education all around the country. For instance, in Lanao, it was found that people became more interested in reading when old myths and legends were translated in Maranaw. Another example is one of the most successful multilingual programs in the Philippines in Kalinga. There, a community has already started to use the program permanently, after a successful experiment showed that teaching in Lubuagan helped students perform better in standardized tests (Martin, â€Å"Mother-tongue education is the way to go† n. p. ). These students ranked first in the provincial reading test in 2006, scoring higher in the Filipino and English reading tests than other students. Studies showed that by the third year of implementation, students in multilingual classrooms were doing better than students who aren’t (G. Dekker and D. Dekker A11). Mother tongue-based education or multilingual education is not unique to the Philippines. In fact, people in other Asian countries that are more developed than the Philippines were educated in the country’s chosen vernacular. English is only learned optionally as an extra ability (â€Å"Why the ‘English bill’ is tantamount to national suicide† 9). Parents in South American countries, such as Bolivia, have different opinions on learning with the mother language, because they think that their children need to learn Spanish more than their mother tongue. Despite this, UNICEF has implemented a Bilingual education program. With all the effort, they are still having trouble carrying out the program because of the lack of teachers and learning aids (ed. Haddad 168). In South Africa, the program is only implemented in places where there are enough capable teachers and community members to help carry it out. The choice of language to be used in the classroom is left up to the parents, however, if the school or government does not approve, they have the power to change what has been decided on (ed. Haddad 143). One of the things Filipinos don’t know about Europeans, although they are multilingual, learned first in their own languages before learning English to deal with international affairs (Esposo 11). For example, in the Netherlands, it is important to be multilingual because of their relations with neighboring countries such as Germany. They have proved that there should be no argument between English and the national language, because multilingualism is the right choice (Tan, â€Å"Multilingual† A15). To effectively execute the program, the load is not only on students and teachers. Participation of parents and the community is a key parameter that is found to be present in programs that push for the mastery of multiple languages (Hernandez A13). Parents who are more used to the local language can monitor their children better, just as teachers in the same situation can (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 6). In accordance with DepEd Order No. 74, s. 2009, the community is requested to help provide learning aids in the vernacular, because it is the lack of materials that hinders the program from being executed correctly (Tubeza, DepEd shifts to mother tongue for grade school A5). Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education helps everyone be part of the learning process by integrating culture with education (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 6). Transferring and learning a second language is based on what the students can currently understand. Introducing them directly to a language not familiar to them would confuse their way of thinking, which is why a strong foundation in the mother tongue would help. With a strong foundation, children would be able to understand both languages and would find it easier to shift between the two (ed. Haddad 6), which is actually one of the program’s aims. The others are learning to value languages and cultures and enabling them to peacefully relate with people from different parts of the world, making them multi-literate, multi-lingual and multi-cultural learners (Nolasco, 21 Reasons why Filipino children learn better while using their Mother Tongue 5). Ludwig Wittgenstein said, â€Å"The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. † (qtd. in David, A12) Knowing that the world outside the classroom is parallel with the lessons in school, a child can better understand and appreciate his or her surroundings. In his book Language and Nationalism: The Filipino Experience Thus Far, Gonzalez said that â€Å"[†¦] the Filipino will continue to be multilingual, at least, trilingual, using the local vernacular as the language of the home, Tagalog-based Pilipino as an urban lingua franca, and English as the language of commerce, legislation, government and international relations [†¦]. † (157) In continuing to be a multilingual people, the Filipinos should neither abandon nor exchange their mother language for another. When one loses his or her own language, the identity that binds the Filipino people is lost. This proves to be a problem for exclusively English-speaking Filipinos. There is difficulty in interacting with their fellow countrymen because they cannot speak the vernacular (Pimentel A16). â€Å"As we begin to appreciate the rhythms and cadences, the humor and wisdom, in each of our many languages, we just might be able to overcome out parochialism and regionalism and build a nation strong in its multicultural foundations. † (Tan, â€Å"Mother tongue† A15) The Filipino people should use the numerous languages they have to support a nation, wherever they may be. Second generation Filipinos, the children of Overseas Filipino Workers, may not speak the mother language of their parents, but they understand it. Maybe in the future they can use it, and they can be one with the Filipino culture. Like Fr. Facundo Mela said, â€Å"There is nothing like speaking in one’s mother tongue. † (A16) Learning other languages should not mean renouncing the mother language, because it is that language that connects one to the past. It is that language that connects one to the motherland.

Italy essays

Italy essays Italia. The land of fashion, food, fun, and beauty. When the Italian's call their land Belpaese, the beautiful country, they are not joking in the least. From the gorgeous Colosseum in Rome to vinyards in Sicily, there is never too much to see and take in in Italy. Italy became a nation state in 1861 when the city-states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor Emmanuel II. Parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920's when Benito Mussolini established fascist dictatorship and later formed an alliance with Nazi Germany that led to Italy's defeat in World War II. Later in 1946, democratic republic replaced monarchy and an economic revival then followed. Italy has been a charter member of NATO and European Economic Community (EEC) and in 1999 joined the European Monetary Union. Some persistant problems in Italy include illegal immigration, organized crimed, curruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and low incomes and technical standards of southern Italy compared to the prosperous north. Italy's boundaries are Austria, France, Holy See (Vatican City), San Marino, Slovenia, and Switzerland. This means there is a numerous amount of languages spoken in Italy, although Italian is the dominant language. Some others include German, French, Slovene, Croation, and Serbian. Italy is known as the worlds "living art gallery" where the rest of the world can thank the Italians for much great music, art, and literature. I'd encourage any one who ever has the chance to visit this remarkable country to do so at any oppurtunity. ...

Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Facts

Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Facts The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is the only known species of hummingbird to breed or even regularly reside in eastern North America. The breeding range of ruby-throated hummingbirds is the largest of all the species of hummingbirds in North America. Fast Facts: Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Scientific Name: Archilochus colubrisCommon Name: Ruby-throated hummingbirdBasic Animal Group: BirdSize:  2.8–3.5 inches in lengthWeight: 0.1–0.2 ouncesLifespan: 5.3 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat: Summers in eastern North America; winters in Central AmericaPopulation: Estimated 7 millionConservation Status: Least Concern Description Male and female ruby-throated hummingbirds differ in their appearance in several ways. Males are more vibrantly colored than females. Males have metallic emerald-green plumage on their back and metallic red feathers on their throat (this patch of feathers is referred to as a gorget). Females are duller in color, with less vibrant green feathers on their back and no red gorget, their throat and belly plumage is a dull grey or white. Young ruby-throated hummingbirds of both sexes resemble the plumage of adult females. Like all hummingbirds, ruby-throated hummingbirds have small feet that are not well suited to perching or hopping from branch to branch. For this reason, ruby-throated hummingbirds use flight as their primary means of locomotion. They are superb aerialists and are capable of hovering with wingbeat frequencies of up to 53 beats per second. They can fly in a straight line, up, down, backward, or hover in place. The flight feathers of ruby-throated hummingbirds include 10 full-length primary feathers, six secondary feathers, and 10 rectrices (the largest feathers used for flight). Ruby-throated hummingbirds are tiny birds, they weigh between about 0.1 and 0.2 ounces and measure between 2.8 to 3.5 inches in length. Their wingspan is about 3.1 to 4.3 inches wide. Larry Keller, Lititz Pa.  / Getty Images Habitat and Range This hummer breeds in the summertime, throughout the eastern United States and Canada. In the autumn, the birds migrate to their wintering grounds in Central America from northern Panama to southern Mexico, although some winter in parts of South Florida, the Carolinas, and along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana. They prefer habitats which have lots of flowers, such as fields, parks, backyards, and open clearings in forests. Migration round-trips can be as long as 1,000 miles. Migration patterns of ruby-throated hummingbirds vary: Some migrate between their breeding and wintering grounds by flying across the Gulf of Mexico while others follow the Mexican gulf coastline. Males start their migration before females and juveniles (males and females) follow on after the females. They migrate south between August and November, and north again between March and May. Diet and Behavior Ruby-throated hummingbirds feed primarily on nectar and small insects. They occasionally supplement their diet with tree sap if nectar is not readily available. When gathering nectar, ruby-throated hummingbirds prefer to feed on red or orange flowers such as red buckeye, trumpet creeper, and red morning glory. They often feed while hovering at the flower but also land to drink nectar from a conveniently located perch. Scientists have long been fascinated by the hummingbirds hovering flight. Unlike larger birds, they can perform sustained hovering as well as regular cruise flight and maneuvering. Like insects, they use a leading edge vortex over their wing surfaces to gain lift in the flight, but unlike insects, they can invert their wings at the wrist joint (insects do that with a pulse of muscles).   Reproduction and Offspring During the June–July breeding season, ruby-throated hummingbirds are highly territorial, behavior which is reduced during other times of the year. The size of the territories that males establish during the breeding season varies based on the availability of food. Males and females do not form a pair bond and remain together only during courtship and mating. Female ruby-throated hummers lay up to three broods a year, in groups of one–three eggs, most typically two, which hatch after 10–14 days. The mother continues to feed the chicks for another four to seven days, and the chicks fledge and leave the nest 18–22 days after hatching. Hummingbirds become sexually mature the next season about one year of age. Studio One-One/Getty Images Threats There are an estimated 7 million ruby-throated hummingbirds in the world, and they are classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System does not list them as endangered at all. However, continuing climate change affecting their migration patterns and those of related species may have impacts that are as yet unclear. Northern migration dates of ruby-throated hummingbirds have already been measurably impacted by global climate change, with warmer winter and spring temperatures correlating with earlier arrivals, especially at lower latitudes (below 41 degrees north, or generally south of Pennsylvania). In a 10-year study (2001–2010), the differences ranged from 11.4 to 18.2 days earlier in warmer years, leading to concerns about competition for food resources going forward. Sources Bertin, Robert I. The Ruby-Throated Hummingbird and Its Major Food Plants: Ranges, Flowering Phenology, and Migration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60.2 (1982): 210–19. Print.BirdLife International. Archilochus colubris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22688193A93186255, 2016.Courter, Jason R., et al. Assessing Migration of Ruby-Throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus Colubris) at Broad Spatial and Temporal Scales. The Auk: Ornithological Advances 130.1 (2013): 107–17. Print.Hilton, Bill, Jr., and Mark W. Miller. Annual Survival and Recruitment in a Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Population, Excluding the Effect of Transient Individuals. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 105.1 (2003): 54–62. Print.Kirschbaum, Kari, Marie S. Harris. and Robert Naumann. Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird). Animal Diversity Web, 2000.  Leberman, Robert C., Robert S. Mulvihill, and D. Scott Wood. A Possible Relationship between Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism an d Reduced Male Survivorship in the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 94.2 (1992): 480–89. Print. Song, Jialei, Haoxiang Luo, and L. Hedrick Tyson. Three-Dimensional Flow and Lift Characteristics of a Hovering Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11.98 (2014): 20140541. Print.Weidensaul, Scot et al. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2013.

Decision-Making Process, Communication Errors Coursework

Decision-Making Process, Communication Errors - Coursework Example Such reaction entails critical thinking. In addition, utilization of the nursing process aids the nurse in thinking and adopting priority steps for the sake of patient care. The nurse incorporates steeps of problem identification and assessment, coming up with goals and interventions to curb the problem, intervening and evaluating whether the goal were achieved to the best level. The goals must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. Proper decision-making improves the patient care, making it holistic and hence decreasing the hospital stay through quick recovery (Dowding & Thompson, 2013). Communication errors in nursing arise when there is inappropriate handing over between shifts. In such case, there is a breakage in the continuity of care provided to the patients. There is fragmentation of care and decreased satisfaction to the patient. The result is poor healing and over hospitalization leading to death. During reporting and handing over shifts, wrong information may be passed regarding certain patients. It has direct implications to the subsequent care. Wrong documentation impeaches the patient rights to have good care, and can lead to legal implications to the staff since it is a form of negligence. There is subsequent increase in the cost of care towards the patient side since he is receiving what he not supposed to receive (Zendejas, Ali, Huebner, & Farley,

Total S.A. Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Total S.A. Company - Essay Example The company’s upstream sector is seen to mainly consist of the company’s vast exploration projects for the production of natural gas and crude oil; this is done alongside various gas and electricity developmental activities and coal mining operations. TOTAL’s downstream unit is seen to mainly focus on trading of petroleum products, their marketing as well as refining operations while its chemical division is seen to include the production of various rubber products that are made by its Hutchinson subsidiary. The bulk of the rubber products produced by this subsidiary are usually mostly targeted at the automotive industry. Other chemical products that the company produces include resins, adhesives, inks and paints (Reuters, 2013). When the company was initially formed in 1924 after the first world war, it was initially named as compagnie Françse des PÃ ©troles. At the time of its formation , the French government considered the company as being of critical strategic importance in the event that there happened to be another war with Germany. After the war, the French secured a 25 percent stake in the by then fledgling Turkish Petroleum company whose shares were mostly held by Germany’s Deutsche Bank. ... He incorporated some parts of Orkem chemical group into Total’s various chemical operations. The chemical division was responsible for the production of resins, inks, paints and adhesives. At the time of his taking over the company’s chairmanship, Total company had slowly turned into a complexly organized, extremely bureaucratic and sleepy company and as a result, the company had inadvertently ceded its coveted position of being France’s largest oil company to its rival Elf Aquitaine. Serge managed to turn the company into an aggressive, more modern and sleeker company by abolishing and estimated over two hundred Total company subsidiaries as well as closing down about one-seventh of all of the company’s service stations network (company-Histories.com, 2013), this effectively resulted in the elimination of about 6.500 jobs and saved the oil company hundreds of millions of francs in various expenses. The company also formulated new strategies that helped it defocus its production form the more unstable Middle East and aimed to shift about 50 percent of all its production to areas outside the Middle East. By 1995, the insistence of Tchuruk on ensuring that the company ensured that it beefed up its gas business was instrumental in causing the company to become the world’s third largest gas producer (company-Histories.com, 2013). The company’s name was later changed to Total in the year 1991 when company became listed as a public company and commenced trading on the New Stock Exchange. Tchuruk played a critical role in convincing the French government to ensure that it reduced its direct share holding investment in the oil to 5.4% which was an important move that helped the company increase its own independence as well as its ability to act